The Underconfidence with Practice (UPW) effect (Koriat, Sheffer & Ma'ayan, 2002), found in multi-trial learning, is marked by a pattern of underconfidence accompanied by an increase in resolution between the judgments and test on and after the second trial. We tested whether the memory for past test (MPT) heuristic (Finn & Metcalfe, 2007) could explain the resolution and calibration effects. To selectively alter Trial 1 test performance, and hence MPT, we manipulated the number of repetitions (Experiment 1) or the study time (Experiment 2) on Trial 1, but then the manipulation was reversed on Trial 2, thereby equating final performance. Despite equivalent Trial 2 recall performance, Trial 2 JOLs reflected the manipulated Trial 1 test performance, providing support for the MPT hypothesis. Follow up experiments tested alternative explanations. We found that people could remember past test and that use of this information would produce both underconfidence and improved resolution. In contrast, neither memory for Trial 1 encoding fluency nor memory for Trial 1 JOLs was able to explain both aspects of the UWP effect. These experiments support the proposal that people use the Memory for Past Test heuristic to make second trial immediate JOLs, and that its use can account for the UWP effect.

中文翻译：

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学习判断受过去测试记忆的影响

在多次尝试学习中发现的对实践缺乏信心 (UPW) 效应 (Koriat, Sheffer & Ma'ayan, 2002) 的特点是一种信心不足的模式，伴随着在第二次和之后的判断和测试之间的分辨率增加审判。我们测试了过去测试的记忆 (MPT) 启发式 (Finn & Metcalfe, 2007) 是否可以解释分辨率和校准效果。为了有选择地改变试验 1 的测试性能，从而改变 MPT，我们在试验 1 中操纵了重复次数（试验 1）或学习时间（试验 2），但随后在试验 2 中逆转了操纵，从而等同于最终性能。尽管试验 2 的召回性能相当，但试验 2 的 JOL 反映了操纵的试验 1 测试性能，为 MPT 假设提供了支持。后续实验测试了替代解释。我们发现人们可以记住过去的测试，并且使用这些信息会导致信心不足和提高分辨率。相比之下，无论是 Trial 1 编码流畅度的记忆还是 Trial 1 JOL 的记忆都无法解释 UWP 效应的两个方面。这些实验支持人们使用 Memory for Past Test 启发式来使第二次试验立即 JOL 的提议，并且它的使用可以解释 UWP 效应。