Polyploidy is a common mode of evolution in flowering plants. The profound effects of polyploidy on gene expression appear to be caused more by hybridity than by genome doubling. Epigenetic mechanisms underlying genome-wide changes in expression are as yet poorly understood; only methylation has received much study, and its importance varies among polyploids. Genetic diploidization begins with the earliest responses to genome merger and doubling; less is known about chromosomal diploidization. Polyploidy duplicates every gene in the genome, providing the raw material for divergence or partitioning of function in homoeologous copies. Preferential retention or loss of genes occurs in a wide range of taxa, suggesting that there is an underlying set of principles governing the fates of duplicated genes. Further studies are required for general patterns to be elucidated, involving different plant families, kinds of polyploidy, and polyploids of different ages.

中文翻译：

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植物基因组合并和加倍的进化遗传学。

多倍体是开花植物中常见的进化模式。多倍体对基因表达的深远影响似乎更多是由杂交而不是基因组加倍引起的。目前尚不清楚的是全基因组表达变化的表观遗传机制。只有甲基化受到了很多研究，并且其重要性在多倍体之间有所不同。遗传二倍体化始于对基因组合并和加倍的最早反应。对染色体二倍体的了解较少。多倍体复制了基因组中的每个基因，为同源拷贝中功能的分化或分配提供了原材料。优先保留或丢失基因发生在广泛的分类单元中，这表明存在一套基本原则来控制重复基因的命运。