In the present review, we examine one of the critical issues that have been raised about evidence-based treatments and their portability to real-world clinical settings: namely, the presence of comorbidity in the participants who have been treated in these studies and whether the presence of comorbidity predicts or moderates treatment outcomes. In doing so, we examine treatment outcomes for the four most commonly occurring childhood psychiatric disorders: Anxiety disorders, affective disorders, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)/conduct disorder (CD). For each of these disorders, we first review briefly the prevalence of comorbidity in epidemiological and clinical samples and then highlight the evidence-based treatments for these disorders. We next determine the effects of comorbidity on treatment outcomes for these disorders. For the most part, comorbidity in the treated samples is the rule, not the exception. However, the majority of studies have not explored whether comorbidity predicts or moderates treatment outcomes. For the not insignificant number of studies that have examined this issue, comorbidity has not been found to affect treatment outcomes. Notable exceptions are highlighted and recommendations for future research are presented.

中文翻译：

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合并症是焦虑，情感，注意缺陷/多动障碍和对立/行为障碍的青年预测和调节治疗结果的方法。

在本综述中，我们研究了关于循证疗法及其在现实世界中的可移植性所引发的关键问题之一：即，在这些研究中接受过治疗的参与者中是否存在合并症，以及是否存在合并症。合并症的存在可以预测或缓解治疗结果。在此过程中，我们检查了四种最常见的儿童期精神疾病的治疗结果：焦虑症，情感障碍，注意缺陷/多动障碍（ADHD）和对立违抗性障碍（ODD）/品行障碍（CD）。对于每种疾病，我们首先简要回顾一下流行病学和临床样本中的合并症患病率，然后重点介绍针对这些疾病的循证治疗。接下来，我们确定合并症对这些疾病的治疗效果的影响。在大多数情况下，处理过的样品中的合并症是规则，而不是例外。但是，大多数研究尚未探讨合并症是预测还是缓解治疗结果。对于已经研究过该问题的大量研究而言，尚未发现合并症会影响治疗效果。突出显示了明显的例外情况，并提出了对未来研究的建议。尚未发现合并症会影响治疗结果。突出显示了明显的例外情况，并提出了对未来研究的建议。尚未发现合并症会影响治疗结果。突出显示了明显的例外情况，并提出了对未来研究的建议。