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Evidence for stasis and not genetic piracy in developmental expression patterns of Branchiostoma lanceolatum and Branchiostoma floridae, two amphioxus species that have evolved independently over the course of 200 Myr.
Development Genes and Evolution ( IF 0.8 ) Pub Date : 2008-10-10 , DOI: 10.1007/s00427-008-0256-6
Ildiko Somorjai 1 , Stéphanie Bertrand , Alain Camasses , Anne Haguenauer , Hector Escriva
Affiliation  

Cephalochordates, the most basal extant group in the phylum Chordata, are represented chiefly by about 20 species of the genus Branchiostoma, commonly called amphioxus or lancelets. In recent years, insights into the evolutionary origin of the vertebrates have been gained from molecular genetic studies during the development of three of these amphioxus species (Branchiostoma floridae in North America, Branchiostoma lanceolatum in Europe, and Branchiostoma belcheri in East Asia). In spite of an estimated divergence time of 100-200 Myr among these species, all three are remarkably similar morphologically, and students of amphioxus have tacitly assumed that such resemblances arise during ontogeny from nearly identical networks of developmental genes. We felt that this assumption needed to be reexamined because instances are known--even in comparisons of closely related species--where characters seeming homologous on the basis of morphology actually develop under the control of conspicuously divergent genetic programs (a phenomenon termed "genetic piracy"). In the present work, we tested the hypothesis that morphological similarities reflect strict conservation of developmentally important genes' expression patterns in order to assess whether the developmental genetics of different amphioxus species show evidence of genetic piracy. To these ends, we cloned 18 genes implicated in different developmental functions in B. lanceolatum and compared their gene expression patterns with the known expression patterns of their orthologous genes in B. floridae. We show that, for the most part, conservation of gene expression parallels that of morphology in these two species. We also identified some differences in gene expression, likely reflecting experimental sensitivity, with the exception of Pax1/9, which may result from true developmental specificities in each amphioxus species. Our results demonstrate that morphological conservation reflects stasis in developmental gene expression patterns and find no evidence for genetic piracy. Thus, different species of amphioxus appear to be very similar, not only morphologically, but also in the genetic programs directing the development of their structural features. Moreover, we provide the first catalogue of gene expression data for the European species, B. lanceolatum.

中文翻译:

圆头分支和佛罗里达分支的发展表达方式中的停滞而不是遗传盗版的证据,这是两个在200 Myr的过程中独立进化的两栖类物种。

头足类动物是Chordata门中最基本的现存基团,主要由约20种分支气孔属(通常称为双歧或长矛)组成。近年来,在开发这三种双歧杆菌物种(北美的佛罗里达分支杆菌,欧洲的轮枝分支线虫和东亚的细枝分支线虫)的过程中,通过分子遗传学研究获得了脊椎动物进化起源的见识。尽管估计这些物种之间的发散时间为100-200 Myr,但所有这三个物种在形态上都非常相似,而文昌鱼的学生默认地认为这种相似性是在个体发育期间来自几乎相同的发育基因网络。我们认为这个假设需要重新审查,因为已知实例(即使是在近缘物种的比较中),在形态差异基础上看似同源的字符实际上是在明显不同的遗传程序的控制下发展的(这种现象称为“遗传盗版” ”)。在当前的工作中,我们测试了以下假设:形态相似性反映了对重要的发育基因的表达模式的严格保留,以评估不同的两栖类物种的发育遗传学是否显示出遗传盗版的证据。为此,我们克隆了18个与轮叶芽孢杆菌有不同发育功能的基因,并将它们的基因表达模式与其在佛罗里达州的直系同源基因的已知表达模式进行了比较。我们证明 在大多数情况下,这两个物种的基因表达保守性与形态学相似。我们还发现了基因表达的一些差异,可能反映了实验的敏感性,但Pax1 / 9除外,这可能是由于每种双歧杆菌物种的真正发育特异性造成的。我们的结果表明,形态保守性反映了发育基因表达模式中的停滞状态,并且没有发现遗传盗版的证据。因此,不同种类的文昌鱼似乎非常相似,不仅在形态上,而且在指导其结构特征发展的遗传程序中也是如此。此外,我们提供了欧洲种披头孢杆菌的基因表达数据的第一个目录。我们还发现了基因表达的一些差异,可能反映了实验的敏感性,但Pax1 / 9除外,这可能是由于每种双歧杆菌物种的真正发育特异性造成的。我们的研究结果表明形态保护反映了发育基因表达模式中的停滞状态,并且没有发现遗传盗版的证据。因此,不同种类的文昌鱼似乎非常相似,不仅在形态上,而且在指导其结构特征发展的遗传程序中也是如此。此外,我们提供了欧洲种披头孢杆菌的基因表达数据的第一个目录。我们还发现了基因表达的一些差异,可能反映了实验的敏感性,但Pax1 / 9除外,这可能是由于每种两栖类物种的真正发育特异性造成的。我们的结果表明,形态保守性反映了发育基因表达模式中的停滞状态,并且没有发现遗传盗版的证据。因此,不同种类的文昌鱼似乎非常相似,不仅在形态上,而且在指导其结构特征发展的遗传程序中也是如此。此外,我们提供了欧洲种披头孢杆菌的基因表达数据的第一个目录。我们的结果表明,形态保守性反映了发育基因表达模式中的停滞状态,并且没有发现遗传盗版的证据。因此,不同种类的文昌鱼似乎非常相似,不仅在形态上,而且在指导其结构特征发展的遗传程序中也是如此。此外,我们提供了欧洲种披头孢杆菌的基因表达数据的第一个目录。我们的结果表明,形态保守性反映了发育基因表达模式中的停滞状态,并且没有发现遗传盗版的证据。因此,不同种类的文昌鱼似乎非常相似,不仅在形态上,而且在指导其结构特征发展的遗传程序中也是如此。此外,我们提供了欧洲种披头孢杆菌的基因表达数据的第一个目录。
更新日期:2019-11-01
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