Seventy-five years ago, the geneticist Richard Goldschmidt hypothesized that single mutations affecting development could result in major phenotypic changes in a single generation to produce unique organisms within animal populations that he called "hopeful monsters". Three decades ago, Sarah P. Gibbs proposed that photosynthetic unicellular micro-organisms like euglenoids and dinoflagellates are the products of a process now called "secondary endosymbiosis" (i.e., the evolution of a chloroplast surrounded by three or four membranes resulting from the incorporation of a eukaryotic alga by a eukaryotic heterotrophic host cell). In this article, we explore the evidence for Goldschmidt's "hopeful monster" concept and expand the scope of this theory to include the macroevolutionary emergence of organisms like Euglena and Chlorarachnion from secondary endosymbiotic events. We argue that a Neo-Goldschmidtian perspective leads to the conclusion that cell chimeras such as euglenids and dinoflagellates, which are important groups of phytoplankton in freshwater and marine ecosystems, should be interpreted as "successful monsters". In addition, we argue that Charles Darwin had euglenoids (infusoria) in mind when he speculated on the "primordial intermediate form", although his Proto-Euglena-hypothesis for the origin of the last common ancestor of all forms of life is no longer acceptable.

中文翻译：

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通过次级内共生进行宏观进化：单细胞有希望的怪物和达尔文的原始中间形式的新戈尔德施密特观点。

七十五年前，遗传学家理查德·戈德施密特假设，影响发育的单一突变可能会导致一代人发生重大的表型变化，从而在动物种群中产生他称之为“有希望的怪物”的独特生物。三十年前，Sarah P. Gibbs 提出光合单细胞微生物，如眼虫和鞭毛藻，是现在称为“二次内共生”过程的产物（即，叶绿体的进化由三或四层膜包围真核异养宿主细胞的真核藻类）。在本文中，我们探讨了戈德施密特“有希望的怪物”的证据 概念并将该理论的范围扩大到包括从次生内共生事件中出现像眼虫和 Chlorarachnion 等生物的宏观进化。我们认为，新戈德施密特的观点得出的结论是，细胞嵌合体，如眼虫和甲藻，它们是淡水和海洋生态系统中重要的浮游植物群，应该被解释为“成功的怪物”。此外，我们认为查尔斯达尔文在推测“原始中间形式”时考虑到了眼虫（infusoria），尽管他关于所有生命形式最后一个共同祖先起源的原始眼虫假说不再被接受. 我们认为，新戈尔德施密特的观点得出的结论是，细胞嵌合体，如眼虫和甲藻，它们是淡水和海洋生态系统中重要的浮游植物群，应该被解释为“成功的怪物”。此外，我们认为查尔斯达尔文在推测“原始中间形式”时考虑到了眼虫（infusoria），尽管他关于所有生命形式最后一个共同祖先起源的原始眼虫假说不再被接受. 我们认为，新戈德施密特的观点得出的结论是，细胞嵌合体，如眼虫和甲藻，它们是淡水和海洋生态系统中重要的浮游植物群，应该被解释为“成功的怪物”。此外，我们认为查尔斯达尔文在推测“原始中间形式”时考虑到了眼虫（infusoria），尽管他关于所有生命形式最后一个共同祖先起源的原始眼虫假说不再被接受.