Membrane-bound Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are frontline guardians in the mammalian innate immune system. They primarily function to recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of invading microorganisms and on activation mount rapid, nonspecific innate responses and trigger sequential delayed specific adaptive cellular responses, which are mediated by complex signal transduction pathways involving adaptor molecules, costimulatory ligands and receptors, kinases, transcription factors, and modulated gene expression. Increasing evidence of multiple functionality and diversity suggests TLRs play critical roles in noninfective medical conditions such as cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, neurologic, musculoskeletal, obstetric, renal, liver, and dermatologic diseases, allergy, autoimmunity, and tissue regeneration. The significance of TLR heterogeneity underscores the possibility for establishing a universal immunobiological model to explain all human disease. Novel immunomodulatory therapies targeting specific or multiple TLRs may in the future offer new tools to combat or eradicate pathogenesis potentially transforming the landscape of current medical treatments.

中文翻译：

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Toll样受体，转导效应通路和疾病多样性：解释所有人类疾病的免疫生物学范式的证据？

膜结合的Toll样受体（TLR）是哺乳动物先天免疫系统的一线守护者。它们的主要功能是识别入侵微生物的病原体相关分子模式（PAMP），并在激活时启动快速，非特异性先天反应并触发顺序延迟的特异性适应性细胞反应，这些反应由涉及衔接子分子，共刺激配体和受体的复杂信号转导途径介导。 ，激酶，转录因子和调节的基因表达。越来越多的证据表明，多种功能和多样性表明，TLR在非感染性医疗条件（例如心血管，胃肠道，神经系统，肌肉骨骼，产科，肾脏，肝脏和皮肤病，过敏，自身免疫和组织再生）中起着关键作用。TLR异质性的重要性强调了建立通用的免疫生物学模型来解释所有人类疾病的可能性。靶向特定或多个TLR的新型免疫调节疗法可能会在将来提供新的工具来对抗或消除潜在的发病机制，从而可能改变当前的医学治疗方法。