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Epilepsy and inflammation in the brain: overview and pathophysiology.
Epilepsy Currents ( IF 5.8 ) Pub Date : 2014-01-01 , DOI: 10.5698/1535-7511-14.s2.3
Annamaria Vezzani 1
Affiliation  

The possibility that inflammatory processes in the brain contribute to the etiopathogenesis of seizures and the establishment of a chronic epileptic focus is increasingly recognized as a result of supportive evidence in experimental models and in the clinical setting. Prototypical inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-1beta) and "danger signals" (such as HMGB1 and S100beta) are overexpressed in human and experimental epileptogenic tissue, prominently by glia. Neurons and endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier contribute to inflammatory processes. All these cell types also express receptors for inflammatory mediators, suggesting that inflammatory molecules in the brain exert both autocrine and paracrine activation of intracellular signaling cascades; thus, they may act as soluble mediators of cell communication in diseased tissue. In experimental models, seizures also trigger brain inflammation in the absence of cell loss; in human epileptogenic tissue, the type of neuropathology associated with chronic seizures contributes to determine the type of cells expressing the inflammatory mediators, and the extent to which inflammation occurs. Inflammatory molecules, such as IL-1beta and HMGB1, have proconvulsant activity in various seizure models, most likely by decreasing seizure threshold via functional interactions with classical neurotransmitter systems. These findings reveal novel glioneuronal communications in epileptic tissue that highlight potential new targets for therapeutic intervention.

中文翻译:

大脑中的癫痫和炎症:概述和病理生理学。

由于实验模型和临床环境中的支持性证据,越来越多地认识到大脑中的炎症过程有助于癫痫发作的发病机制和慢性癫痫病灶的建立。原型炎性细胞因子(如 IL-1beta)和“危险信号”(如 HMGB1 和 S100beta)在人类和实验性致癫痫组织中过度表达,主要由神经胶质细胞表达。血脑屏障的神经元和内皮细胞有助于炎症过程。所有这些细胞类型也表达炎症介质的受体,表明大脑中的炎症分子同时发挥细胞内信号级联的自分泌和旁分泌激活作用。因此,它们可以作为患病组织中细胞通讯的可溶性介质。在实验模型中,在没有细胞损失的情况下,癫痫发作也会引发脑部炎症。在人类致癫痫组织中,与慢性癫痫发作相关的神经病理学类型有助于确定表达炎症介质的细胞类型以及炎症发生的程度。炎症分子,如 IL-1beta 和 HMGB1,在各种癫痫模型中具有促惊厥活性,最有可能是通过与经典神经递质系统的功能相互作用降低癫痫阈值。这些发现揭示了癫痫组织中新的胶质神经元通讯,突出了治疗干预的潜在新目标。与慢性癫痫发作相关的神经病理学类型有助于确定表达炎症介质的细胞类型以及炎症发生的程度。炎症分子,如 IL-1beta 和 HMGB1,在各种癫痫模型中具有促惊厥活性,最有可能是通过与经典神经递质系统的功能相互作用降低癫痫阈值。这些发现揭示了癫痫组织中新的胶质神经元通讯,突出了治疗干预的潜在新目标。与慢性癫痫发作相关的神经病理学类型有助于确定表达炎症介质的细胞类型以及炎症发生的程度。炎症分子,如 IL-1beta 和 HMGB1,在各种癫痫模型中具有促惊厥活性,最有可能是通过与经典神经递质系统的功能相互作用降低癫痫阈值。这些发现揭示了癫痫组织中新的胶质神经元通讯,突出了治疗干预的潜在新目标。最有可能是通过与经典神经递质系统的功能相互作用来降低癫痫发作阈值。这些发现揭示了癫痫组织中新的胶质神经元通讯,突出了治疗干预的潜在新目标。最有可能是通过与经典神经递质系统的功能相互作用来降低癫痫发作阈值。这些发现揭示了癫痫组织中新的胶质神经元通讯,突出了治疗干预的潜在新目标。
更新日期:2019-11-01
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