Maintaining human alertness and behavioral capability under conditions of sleep loss and circadian misalignment requires fatigue management technologies due to: (i) dynamic nonlinear modulation of performance capability by the interaction of sleep homeostatic drive and circadian regulation; (ii) large differences among people in neurobehavioral vulnerability to sleep loss; (iii) error in subjective estimates of fatigue on performance; and (iv) to inform people of the need for recovery sleep. Two promising areas of technology have emerged for managing fatigue risk in safety-sensitive occupations. The first involves preventing fatigue by optimizing work schedules using biomathematical models of performance changes associated with sleep homeostatic and circadian dynamics. Increasingly these mathematical models account for individual differences to achieve a more accurate estimate of the timing and magnitude of fatigue effects on individuals. The second area involves technologies for detecting transient fatigue from drowsiness. The Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT), which has been extensively validated to be sensitive to deficits in attention from sleep loss and circadian misalignment, is an example in this category. Two shorter-duration versions of the PVT recently have been developed for evaluating whether operators have sufficient behavioral alertness prior to or during work. Another example is online tracking the percent of slow eyelid closures (PERCLOS), which has been shown to reflect momentary fluctuations of vigilance. Technologies for predicting and detecting sleepiness/fatigue have the potential to predict and prevent operator errors and accidents in safety-sensitive occupations, as well as physiological and mental diseases due to inadequate sleep and circadian misalignment.

中文翻译：

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困倦与安全：生物学需要技术的地方

由于以下原因，在睡眠不足和昼夜节律失调的情况下保持人类的警觉性和行为能力需要疲劳管理技术：(i) 通过睡眠稳态驱动和昼夜节律调节的相互作用对表现能力进行动态非线性调制；(ii) 人们对睡眠不足的神经行为脆弱性存在巨大差异；(iii) 对性能疲劳的主观估计错误；(iv) 告知人们需要恢复睡眠。已经出现了两个有前途的技术领域，用于管理安全敏感职业中的疲劳风险。第一个涉及通过使用与睡眠稳态和昼夜节律动态相关的性能变化的生物数学模型优化工作时间表来预防疲劳。这些数学模型越来越多地考虑到个体差异，以更准确地估计疲劳对个体的影响的时间和程度。第二个领域涉及从困倦中检测短暂疲劳的技术。心理运动警觉性测试 (PVT) 已被广泛证实对睡眠不足和昼夜节律失调引起的注意力缺陷敏感，是此类别的一个例子。最近开发了两个较短持续时间的 PVT 版本，用于评估操作员在工作前或工作期间是否具有足够的行为警觉性。另一个例子是在线跟踪缓慢闭合眼睑的百分比 (PERCLOS)，这已被证明反映了警惕的瞬时波动。