Multi-phased designs and biased sampling designs are two of the well recognized approaches to enhance study efficiency. In this paper, we propose a new and cost-effective sampling design, the two-phase probability dependent sampling design (PDS), for studies with a continuous outcome. This design will enable investigators to make efficient use of resources by targeting more informative subjects for sampling. We develop a new semiparametric empirical likelihood inference method to take advantage of data obtained through a PDS design. Simulation study results indicate that the proposed sampling scheme, coupled with the proposed estimator, is more efficient and more powerful than the existing outcome dependent sampling design and the simple random sampling design with the same sample size. We illustrate the proposed method with a real data set from an environmental epidemiologic study.

中文翻译：

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从两阶段概率相关采样方案中对具有连续结果的数据进行半参数推理。

多阶段设计和有偏抽样设计是两种公认的提高研究效率的方法。在本文中，我们提出了一种新的、具有成本效益的抽样设计，即两阶段概率相关抽样设计 (PDS)，用于具有连续结果的研究。这种设计将使调查人员能够通过针对更多信息主题进行抽样来有效利用资源。我们开发了一种新的半参数经验似然推断方法，以利用通过 PDS 设计获得的数据。模拟研究结果表明，所提出的抽样方案与所提出的估计量相结合，比现有的结果相关抽样设计和具有相同样本量的简单随机抽样设计更有效、更强大。