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Because Muncie's Densities Are Not Manhattan's: Using Geographical Weighting in the EM Algorithm for Areal Interpolation.
Geographical Analysis ( IF 3.566 ) Pub Date : 2013-07-09 , DOI: 10.1111/gean.12014
Jonathan P Schroeder 1 , David C Van Riper 1
Affiliation  

Areal interpolation transforms data for a variable of interest from a set of source zones to estimate the same variable's distribution over a set of target zones. One common practice has been to guide interpolation by using ancillary control zones that are related to the variable of interest's spatial distribution. This guidance typically involves using source zone data to estimate the density of the variable of interest within each control zone. This article introduces a novel approach to density estimation, the geographically weighted expectation–maximization (GWEM), which combines features of two previously used techniques, the expectation–maximization (EM) algorithm and geographically weighted regression. The EM algorithm provides a framework for incorporating proper constraints on data distributions, and using geographical weighting allows estimated control‐zone density ratios to vary spatially. We assess the accuracy of GWEM by applying it with land use/land cover (LULC) ancillary data to population counts from a nationwide sample of 1980 U.S. census tract pairs. We find that GWEM generally is more accurate in this setting than several previously studied methods. Because target‐density weighting (TDW)—using 1970 tract densities to guide interpolation—outperforms GWEM in many cases, we also consider two GWEM–TDW hybrid approaches and find them to improve estimates substantially.

中文翻译:

因为 Muncie 的密度不是曼哈顿的:在 EM 算法中使用地理加权进行面积插值。

面积插值转换来自一组源区域的感兴趣变量的数据,以估计同一变量在一组目标区域上的分布。一种常见的做法是通过使用与感兴趣的变量的空间分布相关的辅助控制区来指导插值。该指南通常涉及使用源区数据来估计每个控制区内感兴趣的变量的密度。本文介绍了一种新的密度估计方法,即地理加权期望最大化 (GWEM),它结合了先前使用的两种技术、期望最大化 (EM) 算法和地理加权回归的特征。EM 算法提供了一个框架,用于对数据分布进行适当的约束,并且使用地理加权允许估计的控制区密度比率在空间上变化。我们通过将 GWEM 与土地利用/土地覆盖 (LULC) 辅助数据应用于 1980 年美国人口普查对全国样本的人口计数来评估 GWEM 的准确性。我们发现 GWEM 在这种情况下通常比以前研究的几种方法更准确。由于目标密度加权 (TDW)——使用 1970 年的道密度来指导插值——在许多情况下优于 GWEM,我们还考虑了两种 GWEM-TDW 混合方法,并发现它们可以显着改善估计。我们发现 GWEM 在这种情况下通常比以前研究的几种方法更准确。由于目标密度加权 (TDW)——使用 1970 年的道密度来指导插值——在许多情况下优于 GWEM,我们还考虑了两种 GWEM-TDW 混合方法,并发现它们可以显着改善估计。我们发现 GWEM 在这种情况下通常比以前研究的几种方法更准确。由于目标密度加权 (TDW)——使用 1970 年的道密度来指导插值——在许多情况下优于 GWEM,我们还考虑了两种 GWEM-TDW 混合方法,并发现它们可以显着改善估计。
更新日期:2013-07-09
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