The nuclear Overhauser enhancement or effect (NOE) is the most important measure in liquid-state NMR with macromolecules. Thus, the NOE is the subject of numerous reviews and books. Here, the NOE is revisited in light of our recently introduced measurements of exact nuclear Overhauser enhancements (eNOEs), which enabled the determination of multiple-state 3D protein structures. This review encompasses all relevant facets from the theoretical considerations to the use of eNOEs in multiple-state structure calculation. Important aspects include a detailed presentation of the relaxation theory relevant for the nuclear Overhauser effect, the estimation of the correction for spin diffusion, the experimental determination of the eNOEs, the conversion of eNOE rates into distances and validation of their quality, the distance-restraint classification and the protocols for calculation of structures and ensembles.

中文翻译：

---

从数量角度看核奥弗豪泽效应

核 Overhauser 增强或效应 (NOE) 是大分子液态 NMR 中最重要的度量。因此，NOE 是众多评论和书籍的主题。在这里，根据我们最近引入的精确核 Overhauser 增强 (eNOE) 的测量，重新审视了 NOE，这使得确定多状态 3D 蛋白质结构成为可能。这篇综述涵盖了从理论考虑到在多态结构计算中使用 eNOE 的所有相关方面。重要方面包括详细介绍与核 Overhauser 效应相关的弛豫理论、自旋扩散校正的估计、eNOE 的实验确定、eNOE 速率到距离的转换及其质量验证，