Behavior is influenced by genes but can also shape the genetic structure of natural populations. Investigating this link is of great importance because behavioral processes can alter the genetic diversity on which selection acts. Gene flow is one of the main determinants of the genetic structure of a population and dispersal is the behavior that mediates gene flow. Baboons (genus Papio) are among the most intensely studied primate species and serve as a model system to investigate the evolution of social systems using a comparative approach. The general mammalian pattern of male dispersal and female philopatry has thus far been found in baboons, with the exception of hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas). As yet, the lack of data on Guinea baboons (Papio papio) creates a taxonomic gap in genus-wide comparative analyses. In our study we investigated the sex-biased dispersal pattern of Guinea baboons in comparison to hamadryas, olive, yellow, and chacma baboons using sequences of the maternally transmitted mitochondrial hypervariable region I. Analyzing whole-range georeferenced samples (N = 777), we found strong evidence for female-biased gene flow in Guinea baboons and confirmed this pattern for hamadryas baboons, as shown by a lack of genetic-geographic structuring. In addition, most genetic variation was found within and not among demes, in sharp contrast to the pattern observed in matrilocal primates including the other baboon taxa. Our results corroborate the notion that the Guinea baboons’ social system shares some important features with that of hamadryas baboons, suggesting similar evolutionary forces have acted to distinguish them from all other baboons.

中文翻译：

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社会系统对狒狒线粒体DNA变异模式的影响

行为受基因影响，但也可以塑造自然种群的遗传结构。研究这种联系非常重要，因为行为过程可以改变选择作用的遗传多样性。基因流动是种群遗传结构的主要决定因素之一，而分散是介导基因流动的行为。狒狒（狒狒属）是研究最深入的灵长类动物之一，是使用比较方法研究社会系统进化的模型系统。迄今为止，除了狒狒狒狒（狒狒狒狒狒狒狒狒（Papio hamadryas）外，狒狒已发现雄性散播和雌性迁徙的一般哺乳动物模式。迄今为止，由于缺乏有关几内亚狒狒 (Papio papio) 的数据，在全属比较分析中造成了分类学上的差距。在我们的研究中，我们使用母系传播的线粒体高变区 I 的序列调查了几内亚狒狒与狒狒、橄榄、黄色和查克马狒狒的性别偏向分布模式。 分析全范围地理参考样本（N = 777），我们发现了几内亚狒狒雌性基因流动的有力证据，并证实了狒狒狒狒的这种模式，如缺乏遗传地理结构所示。此外，大多数遗传变异是在属地内而不是在属地之间发现的，这与在包括其他狒狒类群在内的母系灵长类动物中观察到的模式形成鲜明对比。我们的研究结果证实了几内亚狒狒的社会系统与狒狒具有一些重要特征的观点，表明类似的进化力量已经将它们与所有其他狒狒区分开来。