In planaria (Dugesia tigrina), scopolamine, a nonselective muscarinic receptor antagonist, induced distinct behaviors of attenuated motility and C-like hyperactivity. Planarian locomotor velocity (pLMV) displayed a dose-dependent negative correlation with scopolamine concentrations from 0.001 to 1.0 mM, and a further increase in scopolamine concentration to 2.25 mM did not further decrease pLMV. Planarian hyperactivity counts was dose-dependently increased following pretreatment with scopolamine concentrations from 0.001 to 0.5 mM and then decreased for scopolamine concentrations ≥1 mM. Planarian learning and memory investigated using classical Pavlovian conditioning experiments demonstrated that scopolamine (1 mM) negatively influenced associative learning indicated by a significant decrease in % positive behaviors from 86 % (control) to 14 % (1 mM scopolamine) and similarly altered memory retention, which is indicated by a decrease in % positive behaviors from 69 % (control) to 27 % (1 mM scopolamine). Galantamine demonstrated a complex behavior in planarian motility experiments since co-application of low concentrations of galantamine (0.001 and 0.01 mM) protected planaria against 1 mM scopolamine-induced motility impairments; however, pLMV was significantly decreased when planaria were tested in the presence of 0.1 mM galantamine alone. Effects of co-treatment of scopolamine and galantamine on memory retention in planaria via classical Pavlovian conditioning experiments showed that galantamine (0.01 mM) partially reversed scopolamine (1 mM)-induced memory deficits in planaria as the % positive behaviors increased from 27 to 63 %. The results demonstrate, for the first time in planaria, scopolamine’s effects in causing learning and memory impairments and galantamine’s ability in reversing scopolamine-induced memory impairments.

中文翻译：

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加兰他敏逆转东莨菪碱诱导的虎斑虎螟行为改变。

在涡虫（Dugesia tigrina)，东莨菪碱是一种非选择性毒蕈碱受体拮抗剂，可诱​​导运动减弱和 C 样多动的不同行为。涡虫运动速度 (pLMV) 显示与东莨菪碱浓度从 0.001 到 1.0 mM 呈剂量依赖性负相关，并且东莨菪碱浓度进一步增加到 2.25 mM 不会进一步降低 pLMV。在东莨菪碱浓度从 0.001 到 0.5 mM 预处理后，涡虫活动过度计数呈剂量依赖性增加，然后在东莨菪碱浓度≥1 mM 时减少。使用经典巴甫洛夫条件反射实验研究涡虫学习和记忆表明东莨菪碱 (1 mM) 对联想学习产生负面影响，这表明积极行为百分比从 86 %（对照）显着降低到 14 %（1 mM 东莨菪碱）和类似地改变记忆保留，阳性行为百分比从 69%（对照）减少到 27%（1 mM 东莨菪碱）表明了这一点。加兰他敏在涡虫运动实验中表现出复杂的行为，因为低浓度加兰他敏（0.001 和 0.01 mM）的共同应用保护涡虫免受 1 mM 东莨菪碱诱导的运动障碍；然而，在单独存在 0.1 mM 加兰他敏的情况下测试涡虫时，pLMV 显着降低。通过经典巴甫洛夫条件反射实验，东莨菪碱和加兰他敏联合治疗对涡虫记忆保留的影响表明加兰他敏 (0.01 mM) 部分逆转了东莨菪碱 (1 mM) 诱导的涡虫记忆缺陷，因为阳性行为百分比从 27 % 增加到 63 % . 结果首次在涡虫中证明东莨菪碱引起学习和记忆障碍的作用以及加兰他敏逆转东莨菪碱引起的记忆障碍的能力。