Because each nonlinear optical (NLO) imaging modality is sensitive to specific molecules or structures, multimodal NLO imaging capitalizes the potential of NLO microscopy for studies of complex biological tissues. The coupling of multiphoton fluorescence, second‐harmonic generation, and coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) has allowed investigation of a broad range of biological questions concerning lipid metabolism, cancer development, cardiovascular disease, and skin biology. Moreover, recent research shows the great potential of using a CARS microscope as a platform to develop more advanced NLO modalities such as electronic‐resonance‐enhanced four‐wave mixing, stimulated Raman scattering, and pump‐probe microscopy. This article reviews the various approaches developed for realization of multimodal NLO imaging as well as developments of new NLO modalities on a CARS microscope. Applications to various aspects of biological and biomedical research are discussed.

中文翻译：

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多模态非线性光学显微镜。


由于每种非线性光学 (NLO) 成像模式都对特定分子或结构敏感，因此多模式 NLO 成像充分利用了 NLO 显微镜研究复杂生物组织的潜力。多光子荧光、二次谐波产生和相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射（CARS）的耦合使得能够研究有关脂质代谢、癌症发展、心血管疾病和皮肤生物学的广泛生物学问题。此外，最近的研究表明，使用 CARS 显微镜作为开发更先进的 NLO 模式的巨大潜力，例如电子共振增强四波混频、受激拉曼散射和泵浦探针显微镜。本文回顾了为实现多模态 NLO 成像而开发的各种方法，以及 CARS 显微镜上新 NLO 模态的开发。讨论了在生物和生物医学研究各个方面的应用。