Testosterone plays an important role in mediating male reproductive trade-offs in many vertebrate species, augmenting muscle and influencing behavior necessary for male-male competition and mating-effort. Among humans, testosterone may also play a key role in facilitating male provisioning of offspring as muscular and neuromuscular performance are deeply influenced by acute changes in testosterone. This study examines acute changes in salivary testosterone among 63 Tsimane men ranging in age from 16-80 (mean 38.2) years during one-hour bouts of tree-chopping while clearing horticultural plots. The Tsimane forager-horticulturalists living in the Bolivian Amazon experience high energy expenditure associated with food production, have high levels of parasites and pathogens, and display significantly lower baseline salivary testosterone than age-matched US males. Mixed-effects models controlling for BMI and time of specimen collection reveal increased salivary testosterone (p<0.001) equivalent to a 48.6% rise, after one hour of tree chopping. Age had no effect on baseline (p=0.656) or change in testosterone (p=0.530); self-reported illness did not modify testosterone change (p=0.488). A comparison of these results to the relative change in testosterone during a competitive soccer tournament in the same population reveals larger relative changes in testosterone following resource production (tree chopping), compared to competition (soccer). These findings highlight the importance of moving beyond a unidimensional focus on changes in testosterone and male-male aggression to investigate the importance of testosterone-behavior interactions across additional male fitness-related activities. Acutely increased testosterone during muscularly intensive horticultural food production may facilitate male productivity and provisioning.

中文翻译：

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Tsimane 觅食农民在园艺活动期间雄性唾液睾酮的增加与年龄无关。

睾酮在调节许多脊椎动物物种的雄性生殖权衡、增强肌肉和影响雄性竞争和交配努力所需的行为方面发挥着重要作用。在人类中，睾酮也可能在促进男性提供后代方面发挥关键作用，因为肌肉和神经肌肉的表现深受睾酮急剧变化的影响。本研究调查了 63 名年龄在 16-80 岁（平均 38.2 岁）之间的 Tsimane 男性，在清理园艺地块的一小时砍树活动期间唾液睾酮的急性变化。生活在玻利维亚亚马逊地区的 Tsimane 觅食园艺家经历了与粮食生产相关的高能量消耗、高水平的寄生虫和病原体，并且显示出比年龄匹配的美国男性显着更低的基线唾液睾酮。控制 BMI 和样本采集时间的混合效应模型显示，在砍树一小时后，唾液睾酮增加（p<0.001）相当于增加了 48.6%。年龄对基线（p=0.656）或睾酮变化（p=0.530）没有影响；自我报告的疾病并未改变睾酮变化（p=0.488）。将这些结果与相同人群的竞技足球锦标赛期间睾丸激素的相对变化进行比较，揭示了与比赛（足球）相比，资源生产（砍树）后睾丸激素的相对变化更大。这些发现强调了超越对睾酮和男性-男性攻击性变化的单向关注的重要性，以研究睾酮-行为相互作用在其他男性健身相关活动中的重要性。在肌肉密集型园艺食品生产期间睾丸激素急剧增加可能会促进男性生产力和供应。