1.1 Overview 19F NMR is gaining interest as a tool for diverse physiological and pharmaceutical investigations as evidenced by new reporter molecules and detection strategies. The relatively high sensitivity of 19F and lack of interfering background signal in the body have enabled the observation of exogenously administered agents and their metabolites. The 19F nucleus exhibits a large chemical shift range (~300 ppm), which is exquisitely sensitive to the electronic microenvironment, and many reporter molecules have been developed. In addition to chemical shift studies, relaxation processes (R1 and R2), and chemical exchange have also been tailored to be responsive to a parameter of interest such as pO2, pH, metal ion concentrations, transgene/enzyme activity or hypoxia. Recent emphasis has been on enhancing signal sensitivity and developing novel response mechanisms to sense environmental parameters. This review focuses on quantitative tissue oximetry, detection of ions including pH, and detection of enzyme activity. Fluorine NMR has been widely exploited for laboratory investigations and is garnering developing use in pre-clinical applications for small animals in vivo.

中文翻译：

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19F NMR 的新领域和开发应用


1.1 概述 19F NMR 作为多种生理学和药物研究的工具越来越受到人们的关注，新的报告分子和检测策略证明了这一点。 19F 相对较高的灵敏度和体内缺乏干扰背景信号使得能够观察外源性施用的药物及其代谢物。 19F核表现出较大的化学位移范围（~300 ppm），对电子微环境极其敏感，并且已开发出许多报告分子。除了化学位移研究之外，弛豫过程（R1 和 R2）和化学交换也经过定制，以响应感兴趣的参数，例如 pO2、pH、金属离子浓度、转基因/酶活性或缺氧。最近的重点是增强信号灵敏度和开发新颖的响应机制来感知环境参数。本综述重点关注定量组织血氧测定、离子检测（包括 pH 值）以及酶活性检测。氟核磁共振已广泛用于实验室研究，并正在小动物体内的临床前应用中得到发展。