This article reviews the literature on the mass spectrometry (MS) that has been used in the research of uremic toxins. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) has been most often used for the analysis of low-molecular-weight compounds in uremic blood such as organic acids, phenols, and polyols. However, it cannot be used for the analysis of middle- to high-molecular-weight substances or for involatile compounds. The development of fast atom bombardment (FAB) and liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry (LSIMS) has made possible the analysis of middle-molecules and involatile low-molecular-weight substances such as peptides and nucleosides. The development of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) has also lead to the analysis of involatile low-molecular-weight substances. The recent advances in ionization methods, such as electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI), have permitted the MS analysis of high-molecular-weight substances such as beta 2-microglobulin, a major component of dialysis amyloid. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), using ESI, APCI, or FAB as an ionization method, is currently the preferred method for the analysis of low- to high-molecular-weight substances in uremic blood. ESI-LC/MS and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) are useful for elucidating the structure of post-translationally modified proteins obtained from the blood and tissues of uremic patients. Post-translational modification such as the formation of advanced glycation end-products and carbamoylation is enhanced in uremic patients, and is considered to be responsible for some uremic symptoms. Laser microprobe MS is unique in its capability for the two-dimensional detection of atoms such as aluminum in a tissue section obtained from uremic patients. This review focuses on the mainstream research for discovering uremic toxins, specific uremic toxins identified or quantified using MS, and the MS analysis of post-translationally modified proteins in uremia. These studies have provided ample evidence that MS has played an important role in the search for uremic toxins.

中文翻译：

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质谱法寻找尿毒症毒素。

本文回顾了有关尿毒症毒素研究中使用的质谱（MS）文献。气相色谱/质谱（GC / MS）最常用于分析尿毒症血液中的低分子量化合物，例如有机酸，酚和多元醇。但是，它不能用于分析中高分子量物质或不挥发化合物。快速原子轰击（FAB）和液体二次离子质谱（LSIMS）的发展使得分析中等分子和不挥发的低分子量物质（如肽和核苷）成为可能。大气压化学电离（APCI）的发展也导致了对不挥发的低分子量物质的分析。电离方法的最新进展 诸如电喷雾电离（ESI）和基质辅助激光解吸电离（MALDI）等技术已允许对高分子量物质（例如β2微球蛋白）进行MS分析，β2微球蛋白是透析淀粉样蛋白的主要成分。目前，使用ESI，APCI或FAB作为电离方法的液相色谱/质谱（LC / MS）是分析尿毒症血液中低分子量至高分子量物质的首选方法。ESI-LC / MS和基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱（MALDI-TOFMS）可用于阐明从尿毒症患者血液和组织中获得的翻译后修饰蛋白的结构。在尿毒症患者中，翻译后修饰（例如高级糖基化终产物的形成和氨基甲酰化的形成）得到增强，并被认为是某些尿毒症症状的原因。激光微探针MS在二维检测从尿毒症患者获得的组织切片中的原子（如铝）方面具有独特的能力。这篇综述的重点是发现尿毒症毒素，使用质谱法鉴定或定量的特定尿毒症毒素以及尿毒症中翻译后修饰蛋白的质谱分析的主流研究。这些研究提供了充足的证据，表明MS在寻找尿毒症毒素中发挥了重要作用。使用MS鉴定或定量的特定尿毒症毒素，以及尿毒症中翻译后修饰蛋白的MS分析。这些研究提供了充足的证据，表明MS在寻找尿毒症毒素中发挥了重要作用。MS鉴定或定量的特定尿毒症毒素，以及尿毒症中翻译后修饰蛋白的MS分析。这些研究提供了充足的证据，表明MS在寻找尿毒症毒素中发挥了重要作用。