BACKGROUND Childhood offenders are at an increased risk for developing mental health, social and educational problems later in life. An early onset of offending is a strong predictor for future persistent offending. Childhood offenders from ethnic minority groups are a vulnerable at-risk group. However, up until now, no studies have focused on them. AIMS To investigate which risk factors are associated with (re-)offending of childhood offenders from an ethnic minority. METHOD Dutch-Moroccan boys, who were registered by the police in the year 2006-2007, and their parents as well as a control group (n = 40) were interviewed regarding their individual and family characteristics. Two years later a follow-up analysis of police data was conducted to identify one-time offenders (n = 65) and re-offenders (n = 35). RESULTS All groups, including the controls, showed substantial problems. Single parenthood (OR 6.0) and financial problems (OR 3.9) distinguished one-time offenders from controls. Reading problems (OR 3.8), having an older brother (OR 5.5) and a parent having Dutch friends (OR 4.3) distinguished re-offenders from one-time offenders. First offence characteristics were not predictive for re-offending. The control group reported high levels of emotional problems (33.3%). Parents reported not needing help for their children but half of the re-offender's families were known to the Child Welfare Agency, mostly in a juridical framework. CONCLUSION The Moroccan subgroup of childhood offenders has substantial problems that might hamper healthy development. Interventions should focus on reaching these families tailored to their needs and expectations using a multi-system approach.

中文翻译：

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高风险儿童犯罪者的个人、家庭和犯罪特征：比较荷兰的非犯罪、一次性犯罪和再犯罪荷兰-摩洛哥移民儿童。

背景儿童罪犯在以后的生活中出现心理健康、社会和教育问题的风险增加。较早开始犯罪是未来持续犯罪的有力预测因素。来自少数族裔群体的儿童罪犯是一个脆弱的高危群体。然而，到目前为止，还没有研究关注它们。目的 调查哪些风险因素与（再）犯罪来自少数族裔的儿童罪犯有关。方法 荷兰-摩洛哥男孩，他们在 2006-2007 年被警方登记，他们的父母以及对照组（n = 40）接受了关于他们的个人和家庭特征的采访。两年后，对警方数据进行了后续分析，以确定一次性犯罪者（n = 65）和再次犯罪者（n = 35）。结果 所有组，包括控制，显示出很大的问题。单亲家庭 (OR 6.0) 和财务问题 (OR 3.9) 将一次性犯罪者与控制者区分开来。阅读问题 (OR 3.8)、有一个哥哥 (OR 5.5) 和父母有荷兰朋友 (OR 4.3) 将重犯与一次性犯罪者区分开来。初犯特征不能预测再犯。对照组报告了高水平的情绪问题（33.3%）。父母报告说他们的孩子不需要帮助，但儿童福利机构知道重犯家庭中有一半是在法律框架内。结论 摩洛哥的儿童罪犯亚群存在可能妨碍健康发展的实质性问题。