Background

Few suitable and standardized test methods are currently available to test the effects of genetically modified plants (GMP) on non-target organisms. To fill this gap and improve ecotoxicological testing for GMP, we developed a new soil ecotoxicological test method using sciarid larvae as test organisms.

Results

Bradysia impatiens was identified as a candidate species. Species of the genus Bradysia occur in high numbers in European agroecosystems and B. impatiens can be reared in the laboratory in continuous culture. A functional basic test design was successfully developed. Newly hatched larvae were used as the initial life stage to cover most of the life cycle of the species during the test. Azadirachtin was identified as a suitable reference substance. In several tests, the effects of this substance on development time and emergence rate varied for different temperatures and test substrates. The toxicity was higher at 25 °C compared to 20 °C and in tropical artificial soil compared to coconut fiber substrate.

Conclusions and outlook

Results suggest that the developed test system is suitable to enter a full standardization process, e.g., via the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Such a standardization would not only assist the risk assessment of GMP, but could include other stressors such as systemic pesticides or veterinary pharmaceuticals reaching the soil, e.g., via spreading manure. The use of sciarid flies as test organisms supports recommendations of EFSA, which stressed the ecological role of flies and encouraged including Diptera into test batteries.

中文翻译：

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一种新的生态毒理学测试方法，用于土壤中含有黑真菌蚊蚋凤仙花（双翅目）的转基因植物和其他应激源：测试开发现状以及印楝素对幼虫发育和羽化率的饮食影响。

 背景

目前很少有合适的标准化测试方法可用于测试转基因植物 (GMP) 对非目标生物体的影响。为了填补这一空白并改进GMP的生态毒理学测试，我们开发了一种新的土壤生态毒理学测试方法，以剑科幼虫为测试生物。

 结果

Bradysia impatiens被确定为候选物种。欧洲农业生态系统中存在大量的迟缓属物种，并且凤仙花凤仙花可以在实验室中连续培养。成功开发了功能基本测试设计。试验中以刚孵化的幼虫作为初始生命阶段，涵盖了该物种的大部分生命周期。印楝素被确定为合适的参考物质。在多项测试中，该物质对发育时间和出苗率的影响因温度和测试基质的不同而不同。与 20 °C 相比，25 °C 时的毒性更高；与椰子纤维基质相比，在热带人造土壤中的毒性更高。

 结论与展望

结果表明，所开发的测试系统适合进入完整的标准化过程，例如通过经济合作与发展组织。这种标准化不仅有助于 GMP 的风险评估，还可以包括其他压力源，例如通过传播粪便等方式到达土壤的内吸性杀虫剂或兽药。使用剑蝇作为测试生物体支持了欧洲食品安全局的建议，该建议强调了苍蝇的生态作用，并鼓励将双翅目纳入测试电池中。