The bootstrap, introduced in Efron (1979. Bootstrap methods: another look at the jackknife. The Annals of Statistics7, 1-26), is a landmark method for quantifying variability. It uses sampling with replacement with a sample size equal to that of the original data. We propose the upstrap, which samples with replacement either more or fewer samples than the original sample size. We illustrate the upstrap by solving a hard, but common, sample size calculation problem. The data and code used for the analysis in this article are available on GitHub (2018. https://github.com/ccrainic/upstrap).

中文翻译：

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上升。

该引导程序在Efron（1979年，引导程序方法：折刀的另一种观察。《统计年鉴》，1-26）中引入，是一种用于量化可变性的里程碑式方法。它使用替换样本的样本大小等于原始数据的样本。我们提出了上溯策略，即替换后的样本比原始样本数量更多或更少。我们通过解决一个困难而又常见的样本量计算问题来说明这一难题。本文中用于分析的数据和代码可在GitHub（2018.https：//github.com/ccrainic/upstrap）上获得。