Scholarship on the expansion of the U.S. carceral state has primarily focused on imprisonment rates. Yet the majority of adults under formal criminal justice control are on probation, an "alternative" form of supervision. This article develops the concept of mass probation and builds a typology of state control regimes that theorizes both the scale and type of punishment states employ. Drawing on Bureau of Justice Statistics data from 1980 and 2010, I analyze whether mass probation developed in the same places, affecting the same demographic groups and driven by the same criminal justice trends, as mass imprisonment. The results show that mass probation was a unique state development, expanding in unusual places like Minnesota and Washington. The conclusions argue for a reimagining of the causes and consequences of the carceral state to incorporate the expansion of probation.

中文翻译：

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大规模缓刑：建立更健全的惩罚状态变化理论。

关于扩大美国关押状态的奖学金主要集中在监禁率上。但是，在正式刑事司法控制下的大多数成年人都处于缓刑期，这是一种“替代性”的监督形式。本文提出了大规模缓刑的概念，并建立了一种状态控制制度的类型学，该理论对处罚国家采用的规模和类型进行了理论分析。我利用1980年和2010年的司法统计局的数据，分析了大规模缓刑是否在同一地点发展，从而影响了相同的人口群体，并受到了与大规模监禁相同的刑事司法趋势的驱动。结果表明，大规模缓刑是国家的独特发展，在明尼苏达州和华盛顿州等不寻常的地方不断扩大。