The phylogenetic position of echinoderms is well suited to revealing shared features of deuterostomes that distinguish them from other bilaterians. Although echinoderm neurobiology remains understudied, genomic resources, molecular methods, and systems approaches have enabled progress in understanding mechanisms of embryonic neurogenesis. Even though the morphology of echinoderm larvae is diverse, larval nervous systems, which arise during gastrulation, have numerous similarities in their organization. Diverse neural subtypes and specialized sensory neurons have been identified and details of neuroanatomy using neuron‐specific labels provide hypotheses for neural function. The early patterning of ectoderm and specification of axes has been well studied in several species and underlying gene regulatory networks have been established. The cells giving rise to central and peripheral neural components have been identified in urchins and sea stars. Neurogenesis includes typical metazoan features of asymmetric division of neural progenitors and in some cases limited proliferation of neural precursors. Delta/Notch signaling has been identified as having critical roles in regulating neural patterning and differentiation. Several transcription factors functioning in pro‐neural phases of specification, neural differentiation, and sub‐type specification have been identified and structural or functional components of neurons are used as differentiation markers. Several methods for altering expression in embryos have revealed aspects of a regulatory hierarchy of transcription factors in neurogenesis. Interfacing neurogenic gene regulatory networks to the networks regulating ectodermal domains and identifying the spatial and temporal inputs that pattern the larval nervous system is a major challenge that will contribute substantially to our understanding of the evolution of metazoan nervous systems.

中文翻译：

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棘皮动物的胚胎神经发生。

棘皮动物的系统发育位置非常适合揭示氘化口罩的共同特征，这些特征使它们与其他双语者区分开。尽管棘皮动物神经生物学仍处于研究不足，但是基因组资源，分子方法和系统方法已使人们在了解胚胎神经发生的机制方面取得了进展。尽管棘皮动物幼虫的形态是多种多样的，但在排胃过程中出现的幼虫神经系统在组织上有许多相似之处。已经鉴定出多种神经亚型和专门的感觉神经元，并且使用神经元特异性标记的神经解剖学细节为神经功能提供了假设。外胚层的早期模式和轴的规格已经在几种物种中进行了充分的研究，并且已经建立了潜在的基因调控网络。在海胆和海星中已经鉴定出引起中枢和外周神经成分的细胞。神经发生包括神经祖细胞不对称分裂的典型后生特征，在某些情况下还包括神经前体的有限增殖。Delta / Notch信号已被确认在调节神经模式和分化中起关键作用。已经确定了在规范，神经分化和亚型规范的前神经阶段起作用的几种转录因子，并且神经元的结构或功能成分被用作分化标记。改变胚胎中表达的几种方法揭示了神经发生中转录因子的调控层次。