Endogonales is a lineage of early diverging fungi within Mucoromycota. Many species in this order produce small sporophores ("sporocarps") containing a large number of zygospores, and many species form symbioses with plants. However, due to limited collections, subtle morphological differentiation, difficulties in growing these organisms in vitro, and idiosyncrasies in their rDNA that make PCR amplification difficult, the systematics and character evolution of these fungi have been challenging to resolve. To overcome these challenges we generated a multigene phylogeny of Endogonales using sporophores collected over the past three decades from four continents. Our results show that Endogonales harbour significant undescribed diversity and form two deeply divergent and well-supported phylogenetic clades, which we delimit as the families Endogonaceae and Densosporaceae fam. nov. The family Densosporaceae consists of the genus Densospora,Sphaerocreas pubescens, and many diverse lineages known only from environmental DNA sequences of plant-endosymbiotic fungi. Within Endogonaceae there are two clades. One corresponds to Endogone and includes the type species, E. pisiformis. Species of Endogone are characterized by above- and below-ground sporophores, a hollow and infolded sporophore form, a loose zygosporangial hyphal mantle, homogeneous gametangia, and an enigmatic trophic mode with no evidence of ectomycorrhizal association for most species. For the other clade we introduce a new generic name, Jimgerdemannia gen. nov. Members of that genus (J. flammicorona and J. lactiflua species complexes, and an undescribed species) are characterized by hypogeous sporophores with a solid gleba, a well-developed zygosporangial hyphal mantle, heterogeneous gametangia, and an ectomycorrhizal trophic mode. Future studies on Densosporaceae and Endogonaceae will be important for understanding fungal innovations including evolution of macroscopic sporophores and symbioses with plants.

中文翻译：

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Endogonales的多基因系统发育，与植物相关的真菌的早期分化谱系。

内核是毛霉菌内早期发散真菌的谱系。许多物种以此顺序产生包含大量合子孢子的小孢子体（“子孢子”），许多物种与植物形成共生体。但是，由于馆藏有限，微妙的形态学差异，在体外培养这些生物的困难以及其rDNA的特质性使PCR扩增变得困难，这些真菌的系统学和特征进化一直难以解决。为了克服这些挑战，我们使用过去三十年来从四大洲收集的孢子体生成了内生多核菌的多基因系统发育。我们的研究结果表明，内生弓形虫具有明显的未描述的多样性，并形成了两个深度不同且支撑良好的系统进化进化枝，我们将其界定为远藤科和登革科家族。十一月 登革纲科由登革孢属（Densospora），耻骨乳球菌（Sphaerocreas pubescens）和仅从植物内共生真菌的环境DNA序列已知的许多不同谱系组成。菊科内有两个进化枝。一个对应于Endogone，并包括类型物种E. pisiformis。内源物种的特征是地上和地下的孢子体，空心和折叠的孢子体形式，松散的合子孢子菌丝地幔，均匀的配子体和神秘的营养模式，而没有证据表明大多数物种会发生外生菌根。对于其他分支，我们引入一个新的通用名称Jimgerdemannia gen。十一月 该属的成员（弗拉米尔摩纳哥和乳酸杆菌种复合物，和未描述的物种）的特征是具有固体小叶的次生孢子体，发育良好的合子孢子菌丝菌斑，异种配子体和外生菌根营养模式。今后对树科和菊科的研究对于理解真菌创新，包括宏观孢子体的进化和与植物的共生将具有重要意义。