Thick carbonate rocks were developed in the depression of the Tarim craton during the Cambrian–Middle Ordovician periods. The compressional tectonic movement during the Middle Caledonian–Hercynian created the paleouplifts, which became the base for the paleokarst in the Ordovician carbonate rocks. Based on the large quantity of seismic, drilling, and geological outcrop data, this study analyzed the paleokarst development in relation to the multi-stage tectonic movements in the Paleozoic Era and different stages of karstification and hypothesized paleogeomorphology and paleokarst water system of those stages. Fractures from the tectonic movements in the carbonate and non-carbonate rocks were essential for water cycle, and therefore, the karst development in deep carbonate rocks. Paleokarsts in the Tarim Basin can be classified into four major types based on the paleogeomorphology, degree of karstification, and the layering, i.e., Tahe type, gentle hill type, high steep hill type, and covered-semi-open type. Relatively, the Tahe type was mostly on hill slopes and had the strongest karstification, the gentle hill type often located in the plain areas or basin bottoms and had least karstification, the high steep hill type was controlled by faults and had medium karstification, the semi-open type was controlled by precipitation and hydraulic gradient, and fracture passages and karst caves were mostly developed along major fractures. Overall, the paleokarsts of the Ordovician carbonate rocks in the Tarim Basin can be characterized by long geologic history, multiple development stages, deep burial depth, and various karst types.

中文翻译：

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塔里木盆地古生界碳酸盐岩构造演化与古岩溶作用

寒武纪—中奥陶世时期，塔里木克拉通坳陷发育厚碳酸盐岩。中加里东—海西期的挤压构造运动形成了古隆起，成为奥陶系碳酸盐岩中古岩溶的基础。本研究基于大量的地震、钻井和地质露头资料，分析了古生代多阶段构造运动和不同岩溶阶段的古岩溶发育，并假设了这些阶段的古地貌和古岩溶水系。碳酸盐岩和非碳酸盐岩构造运动的裂缝对水循环至关重要，因此，深部碳酸盐岩岩溶发育。塔里木盆地古岩溶根据古地貌、岩溶程度和层状可分为塔河型、平缓丘陵型、高陡丘陵型和覆盖半开放型四大类型。相对而言，塔河型多位于山坡上，岩溶作用最强；平缓山地型多位于平原地区或盆地底部，岩溶作用最少；高陡山型受断层控制，岩溶作用中等；开放型受降水和水力梯度控制，裂缝通道和溶洞多沿主要裂缝发育。总体而言，塔里木盆地奥陶系碳酸盐岩古岩溶具有地质历史悠久、发育阶段多、埋藏深、