Italian hard cooked types of cheese, like Parmigiano Reggiano and Grana Padano, are characterised by positive nutritional qualities. In fact, they contain substances that have particular biological activities, and therefore they can be fully considered, according to the definition given by the European Unit, as 'functional' foods. This short review concisely describes these components and the beneficial effects related to their activities. The description of the biologically active components has been organised in the following paragraphs: protein and peptides, fat and lipids, carbohydrates and prebiotics, probiotic bacteria, vitamins, mineral salts, and components of dairy products active in disease prevention. In particular, several known bioactive peptides were found in Parmigiano Reggiano cheese samples: for example, phosphopeptides, which are known for their mineral-binding capacity and vehiculation activity, peptides with immunomodulatory activity, and angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibitory peptides with anti-hypertensive effects. Among lipids, the role of conjugated linoleic acid and other fatty acids present in these cheese types was taken into consideration. The presence of oligosaccharides with prebiotic properties and probiotic bacteria was also described. Finally, particular emphasis was given to highly available calcium and its impact on bone health.

中文翻译：

---

奶酪作为功能食品：帕玛森芝士和格兰达帕达诺的例子。

意大利硬煮奶酪，例如Parmigiano Reggiano和Grana Padano，具有积极的营养品质。实际上，它们含有具有特定生物活性的物质，因此，根据欧洲单位给出的定义，它们可以被完全视为“功能性”食品。这篇简短的评论简要地描述了这些组件以及与它们的活动相关的有益效果。在以下段落中对生物活性成分进行了描述：蛋白质和多肽，脂肪和脂质，碳水化合物和益生元，益生菌，维生素，矿物质盐以及对疾病预防有效的乳制品成分。特别是在帕马森芝士奶酪样品中发现了几种已知的生物活性肽：例如，磷酸肽，它们以其矿物质结合能力和运动活性，具有免疫调节活性的肽以及具有抗高血压作用的血管紧张素转换酶抑制肽而著称。在脂质中，考虑了这些干酪类型中存在的共轭亚油酸和其他脂肪酸的作用。还描述了具有益生元特性的寡糖和益生菌的存在。最后，特别强调高钙含量及其对骨骼健康的影响。考虑了这些奶酪类型中存在的共轭亚油酸和其他脂肪酸的作用。还描述了具有益生元特性的寡糖和益生菌的存在。最后，特别强调高钙含量及其对骨骼健康的影响。考虑了这些奶酪类型中存在的共轭亚油酸和其他脂肪酸的作用。还描述了具有益生元特性的寡糖和益生菌的存在。最后，特别强调高钙含量及其对骨骼健康的影响。