Following the development of nuclear science and technology, uranium contamination has been an ever increasing concern worldwide because of its potential for migration from the waste repositories and long-term contaminated environments. Physical and chemical techniques for uranium pollution are expensive and challenging. An alternative to these technologies is microbially mediated uranium bioremediation in contaminated water and soil environments due to its reduced cost and environmental friendliness. To date, four basic mechanisms of uranium bioremediation—uranium bioreduction, biosorption, biomineralization, and bioaccumulation—have been established, of which uranium bioreduction and biomineralization have been studied extensively. The objective of this review is to provide an understanding of recent developments in these two fields in relation to relevant microorganisms, mechanisms, influential factors, and obstacles.

随着核科学技术的发展，铀污染已成为世界范围内日益关注的问题，因为它有可能从废物处置库和长期受污染的环境中迁移出来。用于铀污染的物理和化学技术既昂贵又具有挑战性。这些技术的替代方法是微生物介导的铀生物修复由于降低了成本和环境友好性，使水和土壤环境受到污染。迄今为止，已经建立了铀生物修复的四个基本机制，即铀生物还原，生物吸附，生物矿化和生物富集，其中对铀生物还原和生物矿化进行了广泛的研究。这篇综述的目的是提供与相关微生物，机制，影响因素和障碍有关的这两个领域的最新发展的理解。