In a previous study concerning 33,753 single Spanish surnames (considered as tokens) occurring 51,419,788 times we have shown that the present-day geography of contemporary surname variability in Spain still corresponds to the political geography of the country at the end of the Middle Ages. Here we reprocess the same database, by clustering surnames with Self-Organizing Maps (SOMs) according to their geographic distribution, to identify the monophyletic surnames showing a geo-historical origin in one of the 47 provinces of continental Spain. They are 25,714, and they occur 12,348,109 times, meaning that about 75% of the Spanish population bears a surname that had a polyphyletic origin. From monophyletic surnames we compute migration matrices accounting for the internal migrations that took place since five centuries ago, when Spanish surnames started to be patrilineally inherited. The mono/ polyphyletic classification we obtain fits ancient census data and is compatible with published molecular diversity of the Y-chromosomes associated to selected Spanish surnames. Monophyletic surnames indicate that i) the provinces exhibiting a higher percentage of autochthonous surnames are also ii) those from which emigration corresponds to a local isolation-by-distance model of diffusion and iii) those that attracted a lower number of immigrants. These are also the provinces where languages other than Castilian are spoken. We suggest that demographic stability explains linguistic resilience, as people prefer to move to areas in which the linguistic variety is more similar to their own. So far the reciprocal influence of migration and language has been investigated at local scales, here we outline how to investigate it at national scales and for time-depths of centuries.

中文翻译：

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从姓氏到语言和遗传多样性：西班牙五个世纪的内部移民。

在之前的一项研究中，发生了33,753个西班牙姓氏（被认为是代币），发生了51,419,788次，我们表明，当今西班牙当代姓氏变异性的地理状况仍与中世纪末期该国的政治地理状况相对应。在这里，我们通过根据姓氏与自组织地图（SOM）的地理分布来对姓氏进行聚类，来重新处理同一个数据库，以识别在西班牙大陆47个省之一中显示地理历史起源的一元姓氏。它们是25,714，并且发生了12,348,109次，这意味着大约75％的西班牙人口具有多系起源的姓氏。根据一元姓氏，我们计算出迁移矩阵，以说明自五个世纪前以来发生的内部迁移，西班牙姓氏开始被父系继承。我们获得的单/多系分类符合古代人口普查数据，并与已发表的与选定西班牙姓氏相关的Y染色体的分子多样性兼容。单性姓表明，i）展现出较高的自治姓的省份是ii）移民对应于本地按距离隔离的本地扩散模型的省份，iii）吸引了较少移民的省份。这些也是说卡斯蒂利亚语以外的其他语言的省份。我们建议人口稳定性可以解释语言的弹性，因为人们倾向于迁移到语言多样性与自己的语言更相似的地区。