Macrophages represent one of the first lines of host immune defenses against the invasion of pathogenic bacteria. Many receptors, immune signaling pathways and cellular processes in macrophages, including Toll-like receptors, Nod-like receptors, phagocytosis, autophagy and programmed cell death, are involved in combating the infection of bacterial pathogens. For efficient colonization in the host, bacterial pathogens have evolved diverse mechanisms to interfere with macrophage functions to evade host defenses. The major weapons utilized by bacterial pathogens are protein toxins and effectors secreted via specific bacterial secretion systems, including type I-VII secretion apparatuses. In recent years, great advances have been achieved in understanding how bacterial toxins and effectors subvert immune signaling and cellular processes of macrophages. In this review, we focus on the toxins and effectors that modulate the phagocytosis, intracellular immune signaling pathways, autophagy and programmed cell death processes of macrophages from the bacterium Legionella pneumophila, Shigella flexneri, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., Yersinia spp., enteropathogenic E. coli and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

中文翻译：

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细菌蛋白毒素和效应物对巨噬细胞功能的破坏。

巨噬细胞是抵抗病原菌入侵的宿主免疫防御的第一道防线之一。巨噬细胞中的许多受体、免疫信号通路和细胞过程，包括 Toll 样受体、Nod 样受体、吞噬作用、自噬和程序性细胞死亡，都参与对抗细菌病原体的感染。为了在宿主中有效定殖，细菌病原体已经进化出多种机制来干扰巨噬细胞功能以逃避宿主防御。细菌病原体利用的主要武器是蛋白质毒素和通过特定细菌分泌系统（包括 I-VII 型分泌装置）分泌的效应物。近年来，在了解细菌毒素和效应物如何破坏巨噬细胞的免疫信号和细胞过程方面取得了巨大进展。嗜肺军团菌、福氏志贺菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌、沙门氏菌属、耶尔森氏菌属、肠致病性大肠杆菌和结核分枝杆菌。