Phagocytosis is an ancient cell function, which is similar at unicellular and multicellular levels. Unicells synthesize, store, and secrete multicellular (mammalian) hormones, which influence their phagocytosis. Amino acid hormones, such as histamine, serotonin, epinephrine, and melatonin stimulate phagocytosis, whereas peptide hormones, such as adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), insulin, opioids, arginine vasopressin, and atrial natriuretic peptide decreased it, independently on their chemical structure or function in multicellulars. Macrophage phagocytosis of multicellulars is also stimulated by amino acid hormones, such as histamine, epinephrine, melatonin, and thyroid hormones, however, the effect of peptide hormones is not uniform: prolactin, insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and leptin have positive effects, whereas ACTH, human chorionic gonadotropin, opioids, and ghrelin have negative ones. Steroid hormones, such as estrogen, hydrocortisone, and dexamethasone are stimulating macrophage phagocytosis, whereas progesterone, aldosterone, and testosterone are depressing it. Considering the data and observations there is not a specific phagocytosis hormone, or a hormonal regulation of phagocytosis neither unicellular, nor multicellular level, however, hormones having specific functions in multicellulars also influence phagocytosis at both levels universally (in unicellulars) or individually (in macrophages). Nevertheless, the hormonal influence cannot be neglected, as phagocytosis (as a function) is rather sensitive to minute dose of hormones and endocrine disruptors. The hormonal influence of phagocytosis by macrophages can be deduced to the events at unicellular level.

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在单细胞和多细胞水平上是否有激素对吞噬作用的调节？严格审查。

吞噬作用是一种古老的细胞功能，在单细胞和多细胞水平上相似。单细胞合成，存储和分泌多细胞（哺乳动物）激素，这会影响它们的吞噬作用。组胺，5-羟色胺，肾上腺素和褪黑激素等氨基酸激素可刺激吞噬作用，而促肾上腺皮质激素（ACTH），胰岛素，阿片类药物，精氨酸升压素和心房利钠肽等肽类激素则可降低吞噬作用，无论它们的化学结构或功能如何在多细胞中。组胺，肾上腺素，褪黑激素和甲状腺激素等氨基酸激素也会刺激多细胞的巨噬细胞吞噬作用，但是肽激素的作用并不统一：催乳素，胰岛素，胰高血糖素，生长抑素和瘦素具有积极作用，而ACTH，人绒毛膜促性腺激素，阿片类药物和生长素释放肽为阴性。类固醇激素，例如雌激素，氢化可的松和地塞米松，正在刺激巨噬细胞吞噬作用，而孕酮，醛固酮和睾丸激素正在抑制它。考虑到数据和观察结果，既没有特定的吞噬作用激素，也没有激素对吞噬作用的调节，既不是单细胞的，也不是多细胞的，但是，在多细胞细胞中具有特定功能的激素也会在普遍（单细胞）或单独（巨噬细胞）的两个水平上影响吞噬作用。 ）。然而，由于吞噬作用（作为一种功能）对微量的激素和内分泌干扰物相当敏感，因此不能忽略激素的影响。