The worldwide annual production of lobster was 165,367 tons valued over $3.32 billion in 2004, but this figure rose up to 304,000 tons in 2012. Over half the volume of the worldwide lobster production has been processed to meet the rising global demand in diversified lobster products. Lobster processing generates a large amount of by-products (heads, shells, livers, and eggs) which account for 50–70% of the starting material. Continued production of these lobster processing by-products (LPBs) without corresponding process development for efficient utilization has led to disposal issues associated with costs and pollutions. This review presents the promising opportunities to maximize the utilization of LPBs by economic recovery of their valuable components to produce high value-added products. More than 50,000 tons of LPBs are globally generated, which costs lobster processing companies upward of about $7.5 million/year for disposal. This not only presents financial and environmental burdens to the lobster processors but also wastes a valuable bioresource. LPBs are rich in a range of high-value compounds such as proteins, chitin, lipids, minerals, and pigments. Extracts recovered from LPBs have been demonstrated to possess several functionalities and bioactivities, which are useful for numerous applications in water treatment, agriculture, food, nutraceutical, pharmaceutical products, and biomedicine. Although LPBs have been studied for recovery of valuable components, utilization of these materials for the large-scale production is still very limited. Extraction of lobster components using microwave, ultrasonic, and supercritical fluid extraction were found to be promising techniques that could be used for large-scale production. LPBs are rich in high-value compounds that are currently being underutilized. These compounds can be extracted for being used as functional ingredients, nutraceuticals, and pharmaceuticals in a wide range of commercial applications. The efficient utilization of LPBs would not only generate significant economic benefits but also reduce the problems of waste management associated with the lobster industry. This comprehensive review highlights the availability of the global LPBs, the key components in LPBs and their current applications, the limitations to the extraction techniques used, and the suggested emerging techniques which may be promising on an industrial scale for the maximized utilization of LPBs.

Lobster processing by-product as bioresource of several functional and bioactive compounds used in various value-added products

中文翻译：

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龙虾加工副产品是海洋功能成分、营养保健品和药品的宝贵生物资源。

2004年，全球龙虾年产量为165,367吨，价值超过33.2亿美元，但这一数字在2012年上升至304,000吨。全球龙虾产量的一半以上经过加工，以满足全球对多样化龙虾产品不断增长的需求。龙虾加工产生大量副产品（头、壳、肝和蛋），占原材料的 50-70%。这些龙虾加工副产品（LPB）的持续生产而没有相应的工艺开发以实现有效利用，导致了与成本和污染相关的处置问题。本次审查提出了通过经济回收其有价值的成分来生产高附加值产品来最大限度地利用 LPB 的有希望的机会。全球产生了超过 50,000 吨 LPB，龙虾加工公司每年的处理费用高达约 750 万美元。这不仅给龙虾加工商带来经济和环境负担，而且浪费了宝贵的生物资源。LPB 富含一系列高价值化合物，如蛋白质、甲壳质、脂质、矿物质和色素。从 LPB 中回收的提取物已被证明具有多种功能和生物活性，可用于水处理、农业、食品、营养保健品、药品和生物医学领域的众多应用。尽管LPB已被研究用于回收有价值的成分，但这些材料用于大规模生产的利用仍然非常有限。人们发现，使用微波、超声波和超临界流体萃取来提取龙虾成分是可用于大规模生产的有前途的技术。LPB 富含高价值化合物，但目前尚未得到充分利用。这些化合物可被提取用作功能性成分、营养保健品和药物，用于广泛的商业应用。LPB的有效利用不仅可以产生显着的经济效益，还可以减少与龙虾产业相关的废物管理问题。这篇全面的综述重点介绍了全球 LPB 的可用性、LPB 的关键成分及其当前应用、所用提取技术的局限性，以及建议的新兴技术，这些技术可能在工业规模上实现 LPB 的最大化利用。

龙虾加工副产品作为多种功能性和生物活性化合物的生物资源，用于各种增值产品