Experimental evolution of microbes has gained lots of interest in recent years, mainly due to the ease of strain characterisation through next-generation sequencing. While evolutionary and systems biologists use experimental evolution to address fundamental questions in their respective fields, studies with lactic acid bacteria are often more directed by applied questions. Insight into population and genome dynamics are valuable for experimental design and data interpretation, and it is becoming increasingly apparent how different constraints limit and govern the outcome of microbial adaptation to a selective environment. Examples for such constraints are the finite membrane and cellular space which can lead to trade-offs between cellular strategies. A powerful perspective is that of resource allocation, which allows cells to maximise fitness. This impacts on metabolic strategies that have different protein/resource demands. This review focuses on parameters and forces that shape cellular optimisation processes and that are determining for the outcome of laboratory evolution experiments. Phenotypic changes of experimentally evolved lactic acid bacteria will be discussed in the light of the selection conditions and the prevailing constraints.

中文翻译：

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乳酸菌的实验进展和代谢策略的调整。

近年来，微生物的实验进化引起了人们的极大兴趣，这主要是因为通过下一代测序可以轻松表征菌株。进化生物学和系统生物学家使用实验进化论来解决各自领域中的基本问题，而乳酸菌的研究通常更受应用问题的指导。对种群和基因组动力学的洞察力对于实验设计和数据解释非常有价值，并且越来越明显的是不同的限制如何限制和控制微生物对选择性环境的适应性结果。这种限制的例子是有限的膜和细胞空间，这可能导致细胞策略之间的权衡。一个强大的观点是资源分配的观点，它允许小区最大化适应性。这会影响具有不同蛋白质/资源需求的代谢策略。这篇评论集中在塑造细胞优化过程并确定实验室进化实验结果的参数和作用力上。根据选择条件和主要限制条件，将讨论实验性乳酸菌的表型变化。