Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs), or small anthropogenic particles approximately < 100 nm in size and of various shapes and compositions, are increasingly incorporated into commercial products and used for industrial and medical purposes. There is an exposure risk to both the population at large and individuals in the workplace with inhalation exposures to ENMs being a primary concern. Further, there is increasing evidence to suggest that certain ENMs may represent a significant health risk, and many of these ENMs exhibit distinct similarities with other particles and fibers that are known to induce adverse health effects, such as asbestos, silica, and particulate matter (PM). Evidence regarding the importance of lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) and release of cathepsins in ENM toxicity has been accumulating. The aim of this review was to describe our current understanding of the mechanisms leading to ENM-associated pathologies, including LMP and the role of cathepsins with a focus on inflammation. In addition, anti-cathepsin agents, some of which have been tested in clinical trials and may prove useful for ameliorating the harmful effects of ENM exposure, are examined.

中文翻译：

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工程纳米材料诱导的溶酶体膜透化和抗组织蛋白酶剂。

工程纳米材料 (ENM) 或尺寸约 < 100 nm 且具有各种形状和成分的人造小颗粒，越来越多地融入商业产品中并用于工业和医疗目的。广大人群和工作场所的个人都存在接触风险，其中吸入接触 ENM 是首要问题。此外，越来越多的证据表明，某些 ENM 可能会带来重大的健康风险，并且其中许多 ENM 与已知会引起不利健康影响的其他颗粒和纤维（例如石棉、二氧化硅和颗粒物）表现出明显的相似性。下午）。关于溶酶体膜透化 (LMP) 和组织蛋白酶释放在 ENM 毒性中重要性的证据不断积累。本综述的目的是描述我们目前对导致 ENM 相关病理的机制的理解，包括 LMP 和组织蛋白酶的作用，重点是炎症。此外，还对抗组织蛋白酶药物进行了检查，其中一些药物已在临床试验中进行了测试，可能证明可用于改善 ENM 暴露的有害影响。