Spore surface display is the most desirable with enhanced effects, low cost, less time consuming and the most promising technology for environmental, medical, and industrial development. Spores have various applications in industry due to their ability to survive in harsh industrial processes including heat resistance, alkaline tolerance, chemical tolerance, easy recovery, and reusability. Yeast and bacteria, including gram-positive and -negative, are the most frequently used organisms for the display of various proteins (eukaryotic and prokaryotic), but unlike spores, they can rupture easily due to nutritive properties, susceptibility to heat, pH, and chemicals. Hence, spores are the best choice to avoid these problems, and they have various applications over nonspore formers due to amenability for laboratory purposes. Various strains of Clostridium and Bacillus are spore formers, but the most suitable choice for display is Bacillus subtilis because, according to the WHO, it is safe to humans and considered as "GRAS" (generally recognized as safe). This review focuses on the application of spore surface display towards industries, vaccine development, the environment, and peptide library construction, with cell surface display for enhanced protein expression and high enzymatic activity. Different vectors, coat proteins, and statistical analyses can be used for linker selection to obtain greater expression and high activity of the displayed protein.

中文翻译：

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枯草芽孢杆菌孢子表面展示技术在环境，疫苗开发和生物催化方面的进展。

孢子表面展示是最理想的，具有增强的效果，低成本，较少的时间消耗以及最有利于环境，医学和工业发展的技术。孢子由于能够在苛刻的工业过程中生存，包括耐热性，耐碱性，化学耐受性，易回收性和可重复使用性，因此在工业上有多种应用。酵母和细菌（包括革兰氏阳性和阴性）是展示各种蛋白质（真核和原核）最常用的生物，但与孢子不同，它们由于营养特性，对热，pH和pH的敏感性而容易破裂。化学药品。因此，孢子是避免这些问题的最佳选择，并且由于适于实验室目的，它们比非孢子形成剂具有多种应用。梭状芽孢杆菌和芽孢杆菌的各种菌株都是孢子形成物，但是最适合展示的选择是枯草芽孢杆菌，因为根据WHO的说法，它对人类是安全的，并被认为是“ GRAS”（通常被认为是安全的）。这篇综述集中在孢子表面展示在工业，疫苗开发，环境和肽库构建中的应用，以及细胞表面展示可增强蛋白质表达和高酶活性。不同的载体，外壳蛋白和统计分析可用于接头选择，以获得更大的表达量和更高的展示蛋白活性。（通常被认为是安全的）。这篇综述集中在孢子表面展示在工业，疫苗开发，环境和肽库构建中的应用，以及细胞表面展示可增强蛋白质表达和高酶活性。不同的载体，外壳蛋白和统计分析可用于接头选择，以获得更大的表达量和更高的展示蛋白活性。（通常被认为是安全的）。这篇综述集中在孢子表面展示在工业，疫苗开发，环境和肽库构建中的应用，以及细胞表面展示可增强蛋白质表达和高酶活性。不同的载体，外壳蛋白和统计分析可用于接头选择，以获得更大的表达量和更高的展示蛋白活性。