Type I interferons (IFN-Is) are emerging as key drivers of inflammation and immunosuppression in chronic infection. Control of these infections requires IFN-I signaling; however, prolonged IFN-I signaling can lead to immune dysfunction. IFN-Is are also emerging as double-edged swords in cancer, providing necessary inflammatory signals, while initiating feedback suppression in both immune and cancer cells. Here, we review the proinflammatory and suppressive mechanisms potentiated by IFN-Is during chronic virus infections and discuss the similar, newly emerging dichotomy in cancer. We then discuss how this understanding is leading to new therapeutic concepts and immunotherapy combinations. We propose that, by modulating the immune response at its foundation, it may be possible to widely reshape immunity to control these chronic diseases.

中文翻译：

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慢性病毒感染和癌症中的I型干扰素。

I型干扰素（IFN-Is）逐渐成为慢性感染中炎症和免疫抑制的主要驱动因素。控制这些感染需要IFN-1信号传导。但是，延长的IFN-I信号传导可能导致免疫功能障碍。IFN-I在癌症中也正以双刃剑的形式出现，提供必要的炎症信号，同时在免疫细胞和癌细胞中启动反馈抑制作用。在这里，我们回顾了在慢性病毒感染期间由IFN-Is增强的促炎和抑制机制，并讨论了在癌症中类似的，新兴的二分法。然后，我们讨论这种理解如何导致新的治疗概念和免疫治疗组合。我们建议，通过调节免疫应答的基础，有可能广泛地重塑免疫力以控制这些慢性疾病。