Human cardiomyocytes (CMs) cease to proliferate and remain terminally differentiated thereafter, when humans reach the mid-20s. Thus, any damages sustained by myocardium tissue are irreversible, and they require medical interventions to regain functionality. To date, new surgical procedures and drugs have been developed, albeit with limited success, to treat various heart diseases including myocardial infarction. Hence, there is a pressing need to develop more effective treatment methods to address the increasing mortality rate of the heart diseases. Functional CMs are not only an important in vitro cellular tool to model various types of heart diseases for drug development, but they are also a promising therapeutic agent for cell therapy. However, the limited proliferative capacity entails difficulties in acquiring functional CMs in the scale that is required for pathological studies and cell therapy development. Stem cells, human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) in particular, have been considered as an unlimited cellular source for providing functional CMs for various applications. Notable progress has already been made: the first clinical trials of hPSCs derived CMs (hPSC-CMs) for treating myocardial infarction was approved in 2015, and their potential use in disease modeling and drug discovery is being fully explored. This concise review gives an account of current development of differentiation, purification and maturation techniques for hPSC-CMs, and their application in cell therapy development and pharmaceutical industries will be discussed with the latest experimental evidence.

中文翻译：

---

从工作台到市场：准备人类多能干细胞衍生的心肌细胞用于各种应用。

当人类达到20年代中期时，人类心肌细胞（CMs）停止增殖并保持终末分化。因此，由心肌组织承受的任何损害都是不可逆的，并且它们需要医学干预以恢复功能。迄今为止，尽管治疗效果有限，但已经开发出新的外科手术方法和药物来治疗各种心脏病，包括心肌梗塞。因此，迫切需要开发更有效的治疗方法以应对心脏病死亡率的增加。功能性CM不仅是重要的体外细胞工具可以模拟各种类型的心脏病以进行药物开发，但它们还是细胞疗法的有前途的治疗剂。然而，有限的增殖能力使得难以获得病理研究和细胞疗法发展所需的规模的功能性CM。干细胞，特别是人多能干细胞（hPSC），已被视为提供各种应用功能性CM的无限细胞来源。已经取得了显着进展：2015年，批准了源自hPSCs的CM（hPSC-CM）用于治疗心肌梗塞的第一批临床试验，并且正在充分探索其在疾病建模和药物发现中的潜在用途。这篇简明扼要的评论介绍了当前差异化的发展，