Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are widespread DNA viruses that can infect epithelial cells of the skin and mucosa. Most HPV infections remain clinically unapparent and clear spontaneously. In few cases, however, HPV infections persist and can cause benign and malignant neoplasms at different anatomic locations. Malignant HPV-induced neoplasms are caused by distinct types of HPV (oncogenic or high-risk (HR) HPV types) and present in the anogenital (anus, penis, uterine cervix, vagina and vulva) and head and neck (particularly oropharynx) region. In the anogenital region defined precancerous stages precede invasive cancer. In the head and neck region there is clear evidence only for the invasive stage of HPV-induced neoplasia. In early infection stages the HPV oncogenes (E6/E7) are under tight control in the basal and parabasal cell layers. In more advanced precancerous stages increased expression of the HPV oncogenes E6 and E7 occurs (transforming infection) that may result in transformation of these cells. The defined carcinogenesis in the anogenital tract enables cancer early detection, particularly at the uterine cervix where cytologic and molecular tests contribute to early diagnosis and treatment at a non-invasive stage. Up to now, the treatment of HPV-related precancerous stages (high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia) and cancer is not specifically targeting molecular characteristics of the virus. This article reviews the current state and new developments in epidemiology, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of HPV-associated neoplasia in various anatomic locations.

中文翻译：

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HPV诱发的不同解剖位置的肿瘤的临床相关性和意义。

人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）是广泛的DNA病毒，可以感染皮肤和粘膜的上皮细胞。大多数HPV感染在临床上仍不明显，并自发清除。然而，在少数情况下，HPV感染持续存在，并可能在不同的解剖位置引起良性和恶性肿瘤。恶性HPV诱导的肿瘤是由不同类型的HPV（致癌或高危（HR）HPV类型）引起的，并存在于生殖器（肛门，阴茎，子宫颈，阴道和外阴）和头颈部（尤其是口咽）区域。在肛门生殖器区域，确定的癌前期先于浸润性癌症。在头部和颈部区域，只有HPV诱导的肿瘤形成的侵入阶段才有明确的证据。在感染的早期阶段，HPV癌基因（E6 / E7）在基底和副基底细胞层受到严格控制。在更高级的癌前期，发生HPV癌基因E6和E7的表达增加（转化感染），这可能导致这些细胞的转化。生殖器生殖道中确定的致癌作用使癌症得以早期发现，尤其是在子宫颈中，细胞学和分子学检查有助于无创阶段的早期诊断和治疗。迄今为止，HPV相关的癌前期（高度上皮内瘤变）和癌症的治疗尚未明确针对该病毒的分子特征。本文回顾了在各个解剖位置的HPV相关肿瘤的流行病学，预防，诊断和治疗的现状和新进展。