It is common that in multi-arm randomized trials, the outcome of interest is "truncated by death," meaning that it is only observed or well-defined conditioning on an intermediate outcome. In this case, in addition to pairwise contrasts, the joint inference for all treatment arms is also of interest. Under a monotonicity assumption we present methods for both pairwise and joint causal analyses of ordinal treatments and binary outcomes in presence of truncation by death. We illustrate via examples the appropriateness of our assumptions in different scientific contexts.

中文翻译：

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因死亡而被切断的序数治疗和二元结果的因果分析。

通常，在多组随机试验中，感兴趣的结果被“截短至死亡”，这意味着仅观察到或明确定义了中间结果。在这种情况下，除了成对的对比外，所有治疗臂的联合推断也很重要。在单调性假设下，我们介绍了在因死亡而被截断的情况下对序数治疗和二元结果进行成对和联合因果分析的方法。我们通过实例说明在不同的科学背景下我们的假设是否适当。