Brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) combine methods, approaches, and concepts derived from neurophysiology, computer science, and engineering in an effort to establish real-time bidirectional links between living brains and artificial actuators. Although theoretical propositions and some proof of concept experiments on directly linking the brains with machines date back to the early 1960s, BMI research only took off in earnest at the end of the 1990s, when this approach became intimately linked to new neurophysiological methods for sampling large-scale brain activity. The classic goals of BMIs are 1) to unveil and utilize principles of operation and plastic properties of the distributed and dynamic circuits of the brain and 2) to create new therapies to restore mobility and sensations to severely disabled patients. Over the past decade, a wide range of BMI applications have emerged, which considerably expanded these original goals. BMI studies have shown neural control over the movements of robotic and virtual actuators that enact both upper and lower limb functions. Furthermore, BMIs have also incorporated ways to deliver sensory feedback, generated from external actuators, back to the brain. BMI research has been at the forefront of many neurophysiological discoveries, including the demonstration that, through continuous use, artificial tools can be assimilated by the primate brain's body schema. Work on BMIs has also led to the introduction of novel neurorehabilitation strategies. As a result of these efforts, long-term continuous BMI use has been recently implicated with the induction of partial neurological recovery in spinal cord injury patients.

中文翻译：

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脑机接口：从基础科学到神经假体和神经康复。

脑机接口（BMI）结合了从神经生理学，计算机科学和工程学衍生的方法，方法和概念，以努力在活体大脑和人工致动器之间建立实时双向链接。尽管有关将大脑与机器直接连接的理论命题和一些概念验证实验可以追溯到1960年代初，但BMI研究才真正开始于1990年代末，当时这种方法与用于采样大样本的新神经生理学方法密切相关。规模的大脑活动。BMI的经典目标是：1）揭示和利用大脑分布和动态电路的操作原理和可塑性，以及2）创造新的疗法来恢复严重残疾患者的活动能力和感觉。在过去的十年，已经出现了各种各样的BMI应用程序，这些应用程序大大扩展了这些最初的目标。BMI研究表明，对实现上肢和下肢功能的机器人和虚拟执行器的运动进行神经控制。此外，BMI还采用了将外部执行器产生的感觉反馈传递回大脑的方法。BMI研究一直处于许多神经生理学发现的最前沿，其中包括证明，通过不断使用，人工工具可以被灵长类动物大脑的身体结构所吸收。关于BMI的工作也导致了新的神经康复策略的引入。这些努力的结果是，最近长期长期使用BMI与引起脊髓损伤患者的部分神经功能恢复有关。