Radiation proteomics is a recent, promising and powerful tool to identify protein markers of direct and indirect consequences of ionizing radiation. The main challenges of modern radiobiology is to predict radio-sensitivity of patients and radio-resistance of tumor to be treated, but considerable evidences are now available regarding the significance of a bystander effect at low and high doses. This "radiation-induced bystander effect" (RIBE) is defined as the biological responses of non-irradiated cells that received signals from neighboring irradiated cells. Such intercellular signal is no more considered as a minor side-effect of radiotherapy in surrounding healthy tissue and its occurrence should be considered in adapting radiotherapy protocols, to limit the risk for radiation-induced secondary cancer. There is no consensus on a precise designation of RIBE, which involves a number of distinct signal-mediated effects within or outside the irradiated volume. Indeed, several cellular mechanisms were proposed, including the secretion of soluble factors by irradiated cells in the extracellular matrix, or the direct communication between irradiated and neighboring non-irradiated cells via gap junctions. This phenomenon is observed in a context of major local inflammation, linked with a global imbalance of oxidative metabolism which makes its analysis challenging using in vitro model systems. In this review article, the authors first define the radiation-induced bystander effect as a function of radiation type, in vitro analysis protocols, and cell type. In a second time, the authors present the current status of protein biomarkers and proteomic-based findings and discuss the capacities, limits and perspectives of such global approaches to explore these complex intercellular mechanisms.

中文翻译：

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蛋白质组学概述和辐射诱发的旁观者效应的观点。

辐射蛋白质组学是一种鉴定电离辐射直接和间接后果的蛋白质标志物的最新，有前途和强大的工具。现代放射生物学的主要挑战是预测患者的放射敏感性和要治疗的肿瘤的放射抗性，但是现在有大量证据表明低剂量和高剂量旁观者效应的重要性。该“辐射诱导的旁观者效应”（RIBE）被定义为从邻近的被辐照的细胞接收信号的未辐照的细胞的生物学反应。这种细胞间信号不再被认为是周围健康组织中放疗的次要副作用，在调整放疗方案时应考虑其发生，以限制发生放射诱发的继发性癌症的风险。对于RIBE的精确命名尚无共识，RIBE涉及在辐射体积之内或之外的多种不同的信号介导作用。实际上，提出了几种细胞机制，包括细胞外基质中被辐照的细胞分泌可溶性因子，或通过间隙连接在被辐照的细胞与邻近的未辐照的细胞之间进行直接通讯。在主要局部发炎的情况下观察到此现象，其与氧化代谢的整体失衡有关，这使得使用体外模型系统进行分析变得具有挑战性。在这篇综述文章中，作者首先将辐射诱导的旁观者效应定义为辐射类型，体外分析方案和细胞类型的函数。再来一次