当前位置: X-MOL 学术Drug Resist. Updat. › 论文详情
Our official English website, www.x-mol.net, welcomes your feedback! (Note: you will need to create a separate account there.)
Overcoming the blood-brain tumor barrier for effective glioblastoma treatment.
Drug Resistance Updates ( IF 15.8 ) Pub Date : 2015-03-21 , DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2015.02.002
O van Tellingen 1 , B Yetkin-Arik 2 , M C de Gooijer 1 , P Wesseling 3 , T Wurdinger 4 , H E de Vries 2
Affiliation  

Gliomas are the most common primary brain tumors. Particularly in adult patients, the vast majority of gliomas belongs to the heterogeneous group of diffuse gliomas, i.e. glial tumors characterized by diffuse infiltrative growth in the preexistent brain tissue. Unfortunately, glioblastoma, the most aggressive (WHO grade IV) diffuse glioma is also by far the most frequent one. After standard treatment, the 2-year overall survival of glioblastoma patients is approximately only 25%. Advanced knowledge in the molecular pathology underlying malignant transformation has offered new handles and better treatments for several cancer types. Unfortunately, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) patients have not yet profited as although numerous experimental drugs have been tested in clinical trials, all failed miserably. This grim prognosis for GBM is at least partly due to the lack of successful drug delivery across the blood-brain tumor barrier (BBTB). The human brain comprises over 100 billion capillaries with a total length of 400 miles, a total surface area of 20 m(2) and a median inter-capillary distance of about 50 μm, making it the best perfused organ in the body. The BBTB encompasses existing and newly formed blood vessels that contribute to the delivery of nutrients and oxygen to the tumor and facilitate glioma cell migration to other parts of the brain. The high metabolic demands of high-grade glioma create hypoxic areas that trigger increased expression of VEGF and angiogenesis, leading to the formation of abnormal vessels and a dysfunctional BBTB. Even though the BBTB is considered 'leaky' in the core part of glioblastomas, in large parts of glioblastomas and, even more so, in lower grade diffuse gliomas the BBTB more closely resembles the intact blood-brain barrier (BBB) and prevents efficient passage of cancer therapeutics, including small molecules and antibodies. Thus, many drugs can still be blocked from reaching the many infiltrative glioblastoma cells that demonstrate 'within-organ-metastasis' away from the core part to brain areas displaying a more organized and less leaky BBTB. Hence, drug delivery in glioblastoma deserves explicit attention as otherwise new experimental therapies will continue to fail. In the current review we highlight different aspects of the BBTB in glioma patients and preclinical models and discuss the advantages and drawbacks of drug delivery approaches for the treatment of glioma patients. We provide an overview on methods to overcome the BBTB, including osmotic blood-brain barrier disruption (BBBD), bradykinin receptor-mediated BBTB opening, inhibition of multidrug efflux transporters, receptor-mediated transport systems and physiological circumvention of the BBTB. While our knowledge about the molecular biology of glioma cells is rapidly expanding and is, to some extent, already assisting us in the design of tumor-tailored therapeutics, we are still struggling to develop modalities to expose the entire tumor to such therapeutics at pharmacologically meaningful quantities. Therefore, we must expand our knowledge about the fundamentals of the BBTB as a step toward the design of practical and safe devices and approaches for enhanced drug delivery into the diseased brain area.

中文翻译:

克服血脑肿瘤屏障,有效治疗胶质母细胞瘤。

神经胶质瘤是最常见的原发性脑肿瘤。特别是在成年患者中,绝大多数神经胶质瘤属于弥散性胶质瘤的异质性组,即以在先存在的脑组织中弥漫性浸润性生长为特征的神经胶质瘤。不幸的是,胶质母细胞瘤是最具侵袭性的(WHO IV级)弥漫性胶质瘤,也是迄今为止最常见的一种。经过标准治疗后,胶质母细胞瘤患者的2年总生存率仅约为25%。潜在的恶性转化分子病理学方面的先进知识为多种类型的癌症提供了新的方法和更好的治疗方法。不幸的是,多形性胶质母细胞瘤(GBM)患者尚未获利,尽管许多临床药物已在临床试验中进行了测试,但均惨败。GBM的这种严峻的预后至少部分是由于缺乏跨血脑肿瘤屏障(BBTB)的成功药物递送。人脑包括超过1000亿个毛细血管,毛细血管总长度为400英里,总表面积为20 m(2),毛细血管间距离中值约为50μm,使其成为体内最好的灌注器官。BBTB包含现有和新形成的血管,这些血管有助于向肿瘤输送营养和氧气,并促进神经胶质瘤细胞向大脑其他部位的迁移。高度神经胶质瘤的高代谢需求会形成缺氧区域,从而触发VEGF表达增加和血管生成,从而导致血管异常形成和BBTB功能障碍。即使BBTB在胶质母细胞瘤的核心部分被认为是“泄漏的”,在成胶质细胞瘤的大部分地区,甚至在较低级别的弥漫性神经胶质瘤中,BBTB更像完整的血脑屏障(BBB),并阻止包括小分子和抗体在内的癌症治疗药物的有效通过。因此,仍然可以阻止许多药物到达许多浸润性胶质母细胞瘤细胞,这些细胞表现出“器官内转移”,从核心部位转移到大脑区域,显示出组织性更好,渗漏较少的BBTB。因此,胶质母细胞瘤中的药物递送应引起显着的关注,否则新的实验疗法将继续失败。在本综述中,我们重点介绍了脑胶质瘤患者和临床前模型中BBTB的不同方面,并讨论了药物递送方法治疗脑胶质瘤患者的优缺点。我们概述了克服BBTB的方法,包括渗透血脑屏障破坏(BBBD),缓激肽受体介导的BBTB开放,多药外排转运蛋白的抑制,受体介导的转运系统和BBTB的生理规避。尽管我们对神经胶质瘤细胞分子生物学的了解正在迅速扩展,并且在某种程度上已经帮助我们设计了针对肿瘤的治疗药物,但我们仍在努力开发模式,以药理学意义将整个肿瘤暴露于此类治疗药物数量。因此,我们必须扩大对BBTB基础知识的了解,这是朝着设计实用,安全的设备和方法的一步,以增强药物向患病脑区的递送。包括渗透性血脑屏障破坏(BBBD),缓激肽受体介导的BBTB开放,多药外排转运蛋白的抑制,受体介导的转运系统和BBTB的生理规避。尽管我们对神经胶质瘤细胞分子生物学的了解正在迅速扩展,并且在某种程度上已经帮助我们设计了针对肿瘤的治疗药物,但我们仍在努力开发模式,以药理学意义将整个肿瘤暴露于此类治疗药物数量。因此,我们必须扩大对BBTB基础知识的了解,这是朝着设计实用,安全的设备和方法的一步,以增强药物向患病大脑区域的输送能力。包括渗透性血脑屏障破坏(BBBD),缓激肽受体介导的BBTB开放,多药外排转运蛋白的抑制,受体介导的转运系统和BBTB的生理规避。尽管我们对神经胶质瘤细胞分子生物学的了解正在迅速扩展,并且在某种程度上已经帮助我们设计了针对肿瘤的治疗药物,但我们仍在努力开发模式,以药理学意义将整个肿瘤暴露于此类治疗药物数量。因此,我们必须扩大对BBTB基础知识的了解,这是朝着设计实用,安全的设备和方法的一步,以增强药物向患病大脑区域的输送能力。受体介导的转运系统和BBTB的生理回避。尽管我们对神经胶质瘤细胞分子生物学的了解正在迅速扩展,并且在某种程度上已经帮助我们设计了针对肿瘤的治疗药物,但我们仍在努力开发模式,以药理学意义将整个肿瘤暴露于此类治疗药物数量。因此,我们必须扩大对BBTB基础知识的了解,这是朝着设计实用,安全的设备和方法的一步,以增强药物向患病大脑区域的输送能力。受体介导的转运系统和BBTB的生理回避。尽管我们对神经胶质瘤细胞分子生物学的了解正在迅速扩展,并且在某种程度上已经帮助我们设计了针对肿瘤的治疗药物,但我们仍在努力开发模式,以药理学意义将整个肿瘤暴露于此类治疗药物数量。因此,我们必须扩大对BBTB基础知识的了解,这是朝着设计实用,安全的设备和方法的一步,以增强药物向患病大脑区域的输送能力。我们仍在努力开发模式,以药理学上有意义的量将整个肿瘤暴露于此类疗法。因此,我们必须扩大对BBTB基础知识的了解,这是朝着设计实用,安全的设备和方法的一步,以增强药物向患病大脑区域的输送能力。我们仍在努力开发以药理学上有意义的量将整个肿瘤暴露于此类疗法的方法。因此,我们必须扩大对BBTB基础知识的了解,这是朝着设计实用,安全的设备和方法的一步,以增强药物向患病大脑区域的输送能力。
更新日期:2019-11-01
down
wechat
bug