Social evolution has influenced every aspect of contemporary honey bee biology, but the details are difficult to reconstruct. The reproductive ground plan hypothesis of social evolution proposes that central regulators of the gonotropic cycle of solitary insects have been co-opted to coordinate social complexity in honey bees, such as the division of labor among workers. The predicted trait associations between reproductive physiology and social behavior have been identified in the context of the pollen hoarding syndrome, a larger suite of interrelated traits. The genetic architecture of this syndrome is characterized by a partially overlapping genetic architecture with several consistent, pleiotropic quantitative trait loci (QTL). Despite these central QTL and an integrated hormonal regulation, separate aspects of the pollen hoarding syndrome may evolve independently due to peripheral QTL and additionally segregating genetic variance. The characterization of the pollen hoarding syndrome has also demonstrated that this syndrome involves many non-behavioral traits, which may be the case for numerous “behavioral” syndromes. Furthermore, the genetic architecture of the pollen hoarding syndrome has implications for breeding programs for improving honey health and other desirable traits: if these traits are comparable to the pollen hoarding syndrome, consistent pleiotropic QTL will enable marker-assisted selection, while sufficient additional genetic variation may permit the dissociation of trade-offs for efficient multiple trait selection.

中文翻译：

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蜜蜂花粉囤积综合征的结构：对理解社会进化、行为综合征和选择性育种的影响

社会进化影响了当代蜜蜂生物学的方方面面，但细节难以重建。社会进化的生殖基础计划假说提出，独居昆虫性腺循环的中央调节器已被用来协调蜜蜂的社会复杂性，例如工人之间的分工。生殖生理学和社会行为之间的预测特征关联已经在花粉囤积综合征的背景下被确定，这是一组更大的相互关联的特征。该综合征的遗传结构的特点是部分重叠的遗传结构具有几个一致的多效性数量性状基因座 (QTL)。尽管有这些中央 QTL 和综合激素调节，由于外周 QTL 和额外的分离遗传变异，花粉囤积综合征的不同方面可能独立进化。花粉囤积综合征的特征也表明，这种综合征涉及许多非行为特征，许多“行为”综合征可能就是这种情况。此外，花粉囤积综合征的遗传结构对改善蜂蜜健康和其他理想特征的育种计划有影响：如果这些特征与花粉囤积综合征相当，一致的多效性 QTL 将实现标记辅助选择，同时有足够的额外遗传变异可能允许为有效的多性状选择进行权衡。花粉囤积综合征的特征也表明，这种综合征涉及许多非行为特征，许多“行为”综合征可能就是这种情况。此外，花粉囤积综合征的遗传结构对改善蜂蜜健康和其他理想特征的育种计划有影响：如果这些特征与花粉囤积综合征相当，一致的多效性 QTL 将实现标记辅助选择，同时有足够的额外遗传变异可能允许为有效的多性状选择进行权衡。花粉囤积综合征的特征也表明，这种综合征涉及许多非行为特征，许多“行为”综合征可能就是这种情况。此外，花粉囤积综合征的遗传结构对改善蜂蜜健康和其他理想特征的育种计划有影响：如果这些特征与花粉囤积综合征相当，一致的多效性 QTL 将实现标记辅助选择，同时有足够的额外遗传变异可能允许为有效的多性状选择进行权衡。