Liquid cell transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has attracted significant interest in recent years. With nanofabricated liquid cells, it has been possible to image through liquids using TEM with subnanometer resolution, and many previously unseen materials dynamics have been revealed. Liquid cell TEM has been applied to many areas of research, ranging from chemistry to physics, materials science, and biology. So far, topics of study include nanoparticle growth and assembly, electrochemical deposition and lithiation for batteries, tracking and manipulation of nanoparticles, catalysis, and imaging of biological materials. In this article, we first review the development of liquid cell TEM and then highlight progress in various areas of research. In the study of nanoparticle growth, the electron beam can serve both as the illumination source for imaging and as the input energy for reactions. However, many other research topics require the control of electron beam effects to minimize electron beam damage. We discuss efforts to understand electron beam-liquid matter interactions. Finally, we provide a perspective on future challenges and opportunities in liquid cell TEM.

中文翻译：

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液体细胞透射电子显微镜。

近年来，液体细胞透射电子显微镜（TEM）引起了人们的极大兴趣。使用纳米制造的液池，可以使用亚纳米分辨率的TEM在液体中成像，并且揭示了许多以前看不见的材料动力学。液体电池TEM已应用于从化学到物理，材料科学和生物学的许多研究领域。到目前为止，研究的主题包括纳米粒子的生长和组装，电池的电化学沉积和锂化，纳米粒子的跟踪和操纵，催化以及生物材料的成像。在本文中，我们首先回顾了液体电池TEM的发展，然后重点介绍了各个研究领域的进展。在纳米粒子生长的研究中，电子束既可以用作成像的照明源，也可以用作反应的输入能量。然而，许多其他研究主题要求控制电子束效应以最小化电子束损伤。我们讨论努力了解电子束-液体物质的相互作用。最后，我们提供了有关液体电池TEM未来挑战和机遇的观点。