Obesity, a worldwide epidemic, confers increased risk for multiple serious conditions, including cancer, and is increasingly recognized as a growing cause of preventable cancer risk. Chronic inflammation, a well-known mediator of cancer, is a central characteristic of obesity, leading to many of its complications, and obesity-induced inflammation confers additional cancer risk beyond obesity itself. Multiple mechanisms facilitate this strong association between cancer and obesity. Adipose tissue is an important endocrine organ, secreting several hormones, including leptin and adiponectin, and chemokines that can regulate tumor behavior, inflammation, and the tumor microenvironment. Excessive adipose expansion during obesity causes adipose dysfunction and inflammation to increase systemic levels of proinflammatory factors. Cells from adipose tissue, such as cancer-associated adipocytes and adipose-derived stem cells, enter the cancer microenvironment to enhance protumoral effects. Dysregulated metabolism that stems from obesity, including insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia, can further impact tumor growth and development. This review describes how adipose tissue becomes inflamed in obesity, summarizes ways these mechanisms impact cancer development, and discusses their role in four adipose-associated cancers that demonstrate elevated incidence or mortality in obesity.

中文翻译：

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肥胖、炎症和癌症。

肥胖是一种全球流行病，它会增加患多种严重疾病（包括癌症）的风险，并且越来越多地被认为是可预防癌症风险的一个日益增长的原因。慢性炎症是一种众所周知的癌症介质，是肥胖的一个核心特征，会导致许多并发症，而肥胖引起的炎症会带来肥胖本身以外的额外癌症风险。多种机制促进了癌症与肥胖之间的这种强烈关联。脂肪组织是一种重要的内分泌器官，分泌多种激素，包括瘦素和脂联素，以及可以调节肿瘤行为、炎症和肿瘤微环境的趋化因子。肥胖期间脂肪过度膨胀会导致脂肪功能障碍和炎症，从而增加促炎因子的全身水平。来自脂肪组织的细胞，例如癌症相关的脂肪细胞和脂肪来源的干细胞，进入癌症微环境以增强促肿瘤作用。肥胖引起的代谢失调，包括胰岛素抵抗、高血糖和血脂异常，可进一步影响肿瘤的生长和发展。这篇综述描述了脂肪组织如何在肥胖症中发炎，总结了这些机制影响癌症发展的方式，并讨论了它们在四种脂肪相关癌症中的作用，这些癌症表明肥胖症的发病率或死亡率升高。