The recognition that the immune system can identify and destroy tumor cells has driven a paradigm shift in our understanding of human cancer. Therapies designed to enhance this capacity, including cancer vaccines and coinhibitory receptor blockade, have demonstrated clinical efficacy in treating tumors refractory to conventional therapy. In this review, we discuss how the analysis of the immune microenvironment in primary tissue biopsy samples can be used to stratify patients according to clinical outcome, identify patients likely to benefit from specific immunotherapies, and tailor combination immunotherapy to individual patients and tumor types. As immunotherapy gains in complexity and is used in combination with agents that target oncogenic, intracellular signaling pathways, diagnostic pathologists will play an increasingly important part in identifying and quantifying cellular and molecular biomarkers in tissue samples that reflect the nature and magnitude of the antitumor immune response.

中文翻译：

---

手术病理学在指导癌症免疫治疗中的作用。

免疫系统可以识别和破坏肿瘤细胞的认识推动了我们对人类癌症的理解发生了范式转变。设计用于增强这种能力的疗法，包括癌症疫苗和共抑制受体阻滞剂，已证明在治疗常规疗法难治的肿瘤方面具有临床疗效。在本文中，我们讨论了如何根据临床结果对原发组织活检样本中的免疫微环境进行分析，以对患者进行分层，确定可能受益于特定免疫疗法的患者，以及针对个别患者和肿瘤类型定制联合免疫疗法。随着免疫疗法变得越来越复杂，并与靶向致癌细胞内信号传导途径的药物联合使用，