Who takes risks, and why? Does risk-taking in one context predict risk-taking in other contexts? We seek to address these questions by considering two non-independent pathways to risk: need-based and ability-based. The need-based pathway suggests that risk-taking is a product of competitive disadvantage consistent with risk-sensitivity theory. The ability-based pathway suggests that people engage in risk-taking when they possess abilities or traits that increase the probability of successful risk-taking, the expected value of the risky behavior itself, and/or have signaling value. We provide a conceptual model of decision-making under risk-the relative state model-that integrates both pathways and explicates how situational and embodied factors influence the estimated costs and benefits of risk-taking in different contexts. This model may help to reconcile long-standing disagreements and issues regarding the etiology of risk-taking, such as the domain-generality versus domain-specificity of risk or differential engagement in antisocial and non-antisocial risk-taking.

中文翻译：

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相对状态模型：将基于需求和基于能力的途径集成到冒险中。

谁冒险，为什么冒险？一种情况下的冒险是否可以预测其他情况下的冒险？我们试图通过考虑两种非独立的风险途径来解决这些问题：基于需求和基于能力。基于需求的途径表明，承担风险是竞争劣势的产物，符合风险敏感性理论。基于能力的途径表明，当人们拥有能够增加成功冒险的可能性，风险行为本身的期望值和/或具有信号价值的能力或特征时，他们便会冒险。我们提供了风险下的决策概念模型（相对状态模型），该模型整合了这两种途径，并阐明了情境因素和体现因素如何影响在不同情况下承担风险的估计成本和收益。