Billbugs (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Sphenophorus spp.) are a complex of weevil pests affecting turfgrass throughout the United States. Billbug larvae cause damage by feeding in stems, on roots, and on the crowns of turf, causing severe discoloration and eventual plant death. Monitoring efforts have focused on nondestructive pitfall sampling of ground-active billbug adults and on destructive sampling using soil cores for larval stages in the soil. Given the cryptic nature of the susceptible larval stages, billbugs are typically managed by preventive applications of long-residual, systemic insecticides, including neonicotinoids and anthranilic diamides. Despite knowledge of effective management practices including pest-resistant turf varieties, irrigation management, and microbial controls that contribute to an IPM approach, billbug management continues to rely heavily on prophylactic synthetic insecticides. This review will summarize the identification and biology of billbugs and strategies for their management.

中文翻译：

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草坪草中蝾螈（鞘翅目：仙茅科）的生物学和管理

Billbugs（鞘翅目： Curculionidae：Sphenophorus spp.）是影响整个美国草坪草的象鼻虫复合体。臭虫幼虫以茎、根和草皮为食，造成损害，导致严重变色并最终导致植物死亡。监测工作的重点是对地面活跃的臭虫成虫进行非破坏性采样，以及对土壤中的幼虫阶段使用土芯进行破坏性采样。鉴于易感幼虫阶段的隐秘性质，臭虫通常通过预防性应用长效、全身性杀虫剂来管理，包括新烟碱类和邻氨基苯甲酸二酰胺。尽管知道有效的管理实践，包括抗虫草皮品种、灌溉管理和微生物控制有助于 IPM 方法，billbug 管理继续严重依赖预防性合成杀虫剂。本综述将总结臭虫的识别和生物学及其管理策略。