Currently, integrated pest management (IPM) of wireworms is not widespread in Europe. Therefore, to estimate the densities of three major wireworm species in southern Europe (Agriotes brevis Candeze, A. sordidus Illiger, and A. ustulatus Schäller), bait traps were deployed pre-seeding in maize fields in north-eastern Italy between 1993 and 2011. Research discovered that there was a significant correlation between all three wireworm species caught in the bait traps and damage to maize plants, but damage symptoms varied. Wherever A. ustulatus was the main species caught, there was no significant damage to maize plants, but seeds were damaged. Most of the symptoms caused by A. brevis and A. sordidus were to the central leaf/leaves, which wilted because of feeding on the collar. A. brevis was the most harmful species; when more than one A. brevis wireworm was caught per trap, plant damage sometimes resulted in reduced yield. Five A. ustulatus larvae per trap caused the same damage to maize as one A. brevis. A. sordidus came second (threshold two larvae/trap). These thresholds are reliable for: (1) bare soil in which there are no alternative food sources; (2) average soil temperature 10 cm beneath the surface of above 8 °C for 10 days; (3) soil humidity near to field water capacity, but days of flooding have not been considered. The implementation of the practical method described herein may lead to effective IPM of wireworms in maize and to a significant reduction in the number of fields treated with soil insecticides.

中文翻译：

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南欧玉米中线虫种类的IPM阈值。

当前，欧洲的线虫综合害虫管理（IPM）并不广泛。因此，估计三大线虫种类密度南欧（细胸金针短Candeze，A. sordidus Illiger和A. ustulatus夏勒），诱饵陷阱部署预播种1993年和2011年之间玉米田在意大利东北部研究发现，诱饵诱捕器中捕获的所有三种线虫物种与对玉米植物的损害之间存在显着相关性，但损害症状却有所不同。无论捕获的主要种是乌氏杆菌，对玉米植株没有明显的破坏，但种子受到了破坏。大多数症状是由短杆菌和毒索氏菌位于中央叶/叶上，由于进食衣领而枯萎。短杆菌是最有害的物种。当每个诱捕器捕获到一只以上的短丝农杆菌时，植物的损害有时会导致产量下降。五只A. ustulatus每陷阱幼虫引起相同损害玉米作为一个A.短。A. sordidus位居第二（阈值两个幼虫/陷阱）。这些阈值对于以下情况是可靠的：（1）没有其他食物来源的裸露土壤；（2）在高于8°C的表面下10厘米处的平均土壤温度持续10天；（3）土壤湿度接近田间持水量，但没有考虑洪水天数。本文所述实用方法的实施可导致玉米中线虫的有效IPM，并显着减少用土壤杀虫剂处理的田地数量。