This study compared soil archaeal communities of the Amazon forest with that of an adjacent area under oil palm cultivation by 16S ribosomal RNA gene pyrosequencing. Species richness and diversity were greater in native forest soil than in the oil palm-cultivated area, and 130 OTUs (13.7%) were shared between these areas. Among the classified sequences, Thaumarchaeota were predominant in the native forest, whereas Euryarchaeota were predominant in the oil palm-cultivated area. Archaeal species diversity was 1.7 times higher in the native forest soil, according to the Simpson diversity index, and the Chao1 index showed that richness was five times higher in the native forest soil. A phylogenetic tree of unclassified Thaumarchaeota sequences showed that most of the OTUs belong to Miscellaneous Crenarchaeotic Group. Several archaeal genera involved in nutrient cycling (e.g., methanogens and ammonia oxidizers) were identified in both areas, but significant differences were found in the relative abundances of Candidatus Nitrososphaera and unclassified Soil Crenarchaeotic Group (prevalent in the native forest) and Candidatus Nitrosotalea and unclassified Terrestrial Group (prevalent in the oil palm-cultivated area). More studies are needed to culture some of these Archaea in the laboratory so that their metabolism and physiology can be studied.

中文翻译：

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与油棕种植亚马逊森林土壤有关的古细菌群落变化。

这项研究通过16S核糖体RNA基因焦磷酸测序比较了亚马逊森林和油棕种植下邻近地区的土壤古细菌群落。原生森林土壤的物种丰富度和多样性大于油棕种植区，并且这些地区之间共有130个OTU（13.7％）。在分类序列中，丘陵古猿在原生森林中占主导地位，而Euryarchaeota在油棕种植区则占主导地位。根据Simpson多样性指数，原始森林土壤中的古细菌物种多样性高1.7倍，而Chao1指数表明原始森林土壤中的丰富度高出五倍。未分类Thaumarchaeota的系统树序列显示大多数OTU属于杂类颅骨病组。参与营养循环（如甲烷和氨氧化剂）的几个古属两个领域进行了鉴定，但在相对丰度被发现显著差异暂定Nitrososphaera和非保密土壤Crenarchaeotic集团（在原始森林流行的），并暂定Nitrosotalea和未分类陆地群（在油棕种植区中普遍存在）。在实验室中培养其中一些古细菌需要更多的研究，以便可以研究它们的新陈代谢和生理学。