There are two types of human pluripotent stem cells: Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), both of which launched themselves on clinical trials after having taken measures to overcome problems: Blocking rejections by immunosuppressants regarding ESCs and minimizing the risk of tumorigenicity by depleting exogenous gene components regarding iPSCs. It is generally assumed that clinical applications of human pluripotent stem cells should be limited to those cases where there are no alternative measures for treatments because of the risk in transplanting those cells to living bodies. Regarding lifestyle diseases, we have already several therapeutic options, and thus, development of human pluripotent stem cell-based therapeutics tends to be avoided. Nevertheless, human pluripotent stem cells can contribute to the development of new therapeutics in this field. As we will show, there is a case where only a short-term presence of human pluripotent stem-derived cells can exert long-term therapeutic effects even after they are rejected. In those cases, immunologically rejections of ESC- or allogenic iPSC-derived cells may produce beneficial outcomes by nullifying the risk of tumorigenesis without deterioration of therapeutic effects. Another utility of human pluripotent stem cells is the provision of an innovative tool for drug discovery that are otherwise unavailable. For example, clinical specimens of human classical brown adipocytes (BAs), which has been attracting a great deal of attention as a new target of drug discovery for the treatment of metabolic disorders, are unobtainable from living individuals due to scarcity, fragility and ethical problems. However, BA can easily be produced from human pluripotent stem cells. In this review, we will contemplate potential contribution of human pluripotent stem cells to therapeutic development for lifestyle diseases.

中文翻译：

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人多能干细胞：朝着治疗生活方式疾病的治疗方向发展。

人类多能干细胞有两种类型：胚胎干细胞（ESC）和诱导性多能干细胞（iPSC），在采取措施克服问题后，它们都开始进行临床试验：阻止免疫抑制剂对ESC的排斥并最大程度地减少胚胎干细胞的分泌。消耗有关iPSC的外源基因成分会致癌的风险。一般认为，人多能干细胞的临床应用应限于那些没有其他治疗措施的情况，因为这些细胞有移植到活体中的风险。关于生活方式疾病，我们已经有几种治疗选择，因此，倾向于避免开发基于人类多能干细胞的治疗方法。尽管如此，人多能干细胞可以促进该领域新疗法的发展。正如我们将显示的，在某些情况下，即使人类多能干细胞衍生的细胞一旦被拒绝，也只能在短期内发挥长期的治疗作用。在那些情况下，ESC或同种异源iPSC衍生细胞的免疫排斥反应可通过消除肿瘤发生的风险而不会损害治疗效果而产生有益的结果。人多能干细胞的另一种用途是提供药物发现的创新工具，而这种工具否则就无法获得。例如，人类经典的棕色脂肪细胞（BAs）的临床标本作为治疗代谢异常的新药物开发目标已引起了广泛的关注，由于缺乏，脆弱和道德问题而无法从活着的人身上获得。但是，BA可以很容易地从人多能干细胞中产生。在这篇综述中，我们将考虑人类多能干细胞对生活方式疾病治疗发展的潜在贡献。