Replication of the coronavirus genome requires continuous RNA synthesis, whereas transcription is a discontinuous process unique among RNA viruses. Transcription includes a template switch during the synthesis of subgenomic negative-strand RNAs to add a copy of the leader sequence. Coronavirus transcription is regulated by multiple factors, including the extent of base-pairing between transcription-regulating sequences of positive and negative polarity, viral and cell protein-RNA binding, and high-order RNA-RNA interactions. Coronavirus RNA synthesis is performed by a replication-transcription complex that includes viral and cell proteins that recognize cis-acting RNA elements mainly located in the highly structured 5' and 3' untranslated regions. In addition to many viral nonstructural proteins, the presence of cell nuclear proteins and the viral nucleocapsid protein increases virus amplification efficacy. Coronavirus RNA synthesis is connected with the formation of double-membrane vesicles and convoluted membranes. Coronaviruses encode proofreading machinery, unique in the RNA virus world, to ensure the maintenance of their large genome size.

中文翻译：

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冠状病毒中连续和不连续的 RNA 合成。


冠状病毒基因组的复制需要连续的RNA合成，而转录是RNA病毒特有的不连续过程。转录包括在亚基因组负链 RNA 合成过程中的模板转换，以添加前导序列的副本。冠状病毒转录受多种因素调节，包括正负极性转录调节序列之间的碱基配对程度、病毒和细胞蛋白-RNA 结合以及高阶 RNA-RNA 相互作用。冠状病毒RNA合成是由复制-转录复合体进行的，该复合体包括病毒和细胞蛋白，这些蛋白识别主要位于高度结构化的5'和3'非翻译区的顺式作用RNA元件。除了许多病毒非结构蛋白之外，细胞核蛋白和病毒核衣壳蛋白的存在也增加了病毒扩增效率。冠状病毒RNA合成与双膜囊泡和卷曲膜的形成有关。冠状病毒编码RNA病毒世界中独一无二的校对机制，以确保维持其庞大的基因组大小。